Torote Prieto, also known as the Littleleaf Elephant Tree or simply Elephant Tree (Bursera microphylla), is a distinctive desert plant. Its scientific name refers to its small leaves, an adaptation for its arid environment. This unique species stands out with its sculptural form and ability to thrive in harsh conditions.
Identifying Torote Prieto
Torote Prieto is identifiable by its unique bark, which is smooth, papery, and often peels in thin, reddish-brown sheets, revealing lighter layers. This exfoliating bark contributes to its common name, “elephant tree,” as its thickened trunk and branches resemble an elephant’s limbs. The plant typically grows as a small tree or large shrub, reaching up to 20 feet in height with a stout, often gnarled trunk that can exceed a foot in diameter.
Its foliage consists of small, green, pinnately compound leaves, 2 to 3 inches long, with tiny leaflets. These leaves are alternate and may be evergreen or drought-deciduous, dropping during prolonged dry periods. Small, star-shaped flowers (white, cream, or pale yellow) emerge in summer, often just before or as new leaves appear. These are followed by small, drupe-like fruits, about the size of a lentil, which mature to reddish-purple or reddish-brown and contain several seeds.
Natural Habitat and Resilience
Bursera microphylla is indigenous to arid regions of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, primarily within the Sonoran and Baja California deserts. Its natural range extends into southern California, Arizona, and Mexican states like Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa, and Zacatecas. It commonly inhabits rocky slopes, desert washes, and canyons, thriving in elevations up to 2,500 feet.
Torote Prieto exhibits resilience, enduring extreme heat and prolonged drought. Its distinctive thickened, water-storing trunk and branches, a characteristic known as sarcocaulescent habit, enable it to buffer against water fluctuations. While most Bursera species are drought-deciduous, Bursera microphylla often retains its leaves year-round unless subjected to severe drought or cold weather. The plant’s ability to photosynthesize through its green bark, even when leafless, enhances its survival in arid environments.
Growing and Caring for Torote Prieto
Cultivating Torote Prieto requires full sun exposure, tolerating reflected heat. It prefers well-draining soil, such as sandy or rocky compositions, and can tolerate dry, limestone soils. Good drainage is essential to prevent root rot, especially given its water-storing capabilities.
Bursera microphylla is highly drought-tolerant once established, requiring little supplemental water. During establishment, infrequent deep watering, e.g., once a month in summer, helps it develop a robust root system. Mature plants often subsist on natural rainfall, though occasional deep watering during extended dry periods can encourage growth.
This species is sensitive to frost; young plants are particularly vulnerable. It can tolerate temperatures down to about 25°F, but colder temperatures may cause damage. Propagation can be achieved from seeds or stem cuttings, with cuttings generally more reliable.
Ecological Significance and Uses
Bursera microphylla serves as a food source and habitat for various wildlife within its native desert ecosystem. Birds, such as Gray Vireos and Ash-throated Flycatchers, feed on its ripe fruits, aiding in seed dispersal. The plant’s aromatic foliage and sap deter herbivores, protecting its leaves from damage.
Historically, indigenous peoples utilized Torote Prieto for various purposes. Its resin, known as copal, was burned as incense in traditional ceremonies and used medicinally for headaches, cuts, skin ailments, and venereal diseases. The Seri people, for example, used the bitter fruit to quench thirst and the soft wood for making boats. Beyond its ecological and traditional value, Bursera microphylla is valued ornamentally in xeriscaping due to its unique sculptural form and minimal water requirements.