The Tooth Lily (Erythronium) is a captivating spring wildflower. Also known as Dogtooth Violet, Trout Lily, or Fawn Lily, its early emergence and distinctive, often nodding flowers make it a unique addition to woodland gardens.
Understanding the Tooth Lily
The Tooth Lily is a spring ephemeral, emerging, blooming, and going dormant quickly as weather warms. Growing 4 to 12 inches (10-30 cm) tall, it features distinctive mottled leaves, often resembling trout markings, hence the “Trout Lily” name. Its lily-shaped flowers have six backward-curving segments, appearing in yellow, pink, or white. Each plant typically produces one to three flowers on a slender stalk.
The “tooth” in its name, particularly “Dogtooth Violet,” refers to its elongated, pointed corm, resembling a canine tooth. Despite being called “violet,” it belongs to the Lily family (Liliaceae), not true violets. Over 20 Erythronium species exist, primarily in Western North America, with some in Eastern North America, Europe, and Asia.
Natural Habitat and Ideal Conditions
Tooth Lilies are native to temperate Northern Hemisphere woodlands and forests. They thrive in moist, well-drained soil rich in organic matter and are frequently associated with deciduous trees.
Their ephemeral nature dictates light conditions: full sun in early spring before tree canopies develop, transitioning to dappled or partial shade as trees leaf out. This cycle allows them to complete their life cycle before the forest floor becomes too dark and dry in summer.
Cultivating Tooth Lilies in Your Garden
To grow Tooth Lilies, replicate their natural woodland environment. Plant corms in fall immediately upon receipt, as they do not tolerate drying out. Dig holes 4 inches (10 cm) deep, spacing corms 4 to 6 inches (10-15 cm) apart with the pointed end up. For a naturalized effect, plant about six corms per square foot.
Tooth Lilies prefer moist, well-drained soil rich in organic matter. Amend soil with compost or leaf mold before planting to improve drainage and provide humus. Avoid hot manures or partially decomposed compost, which can introduce diseases or pests.
Plant in an area receiving full sun in early spring that transitions to partial or dappled shade as trees leaf out. Consistent moisture is crucial in spring; aim for about one inch of water per week, keeping soil evenly moist but not waterlogged. After blooming, allow foliage to yellow and die back naturally, as this stores energy in the corm for next year’s bloom. Once established, mulching helps maintain soil moisture and temperature. Dividing clumps every few years can maintain vigor.
Responsible Interaction and Conservation
Wild Tooth Lilies are delicate; avoid disturbing or removing them from natural habitats. Many species are slow-growing, taking years to flower, making wild harvesting detrimental. Though historically edible, foraging from the wild is advised against due to conservation concerns and potential misidentification with toxic look-alikes.
Some species, like Erythronium americanum, are secure globally, while others, such as Erythronium elegans, are rare with restricted distributions. To enjoy Tooth Lilies responsibly, purchase corms from reputable nurseries practicing sustainable cultivation. This supports plant availability without negatively impacting wild ecosystems.