The term “snake orchid” most commonly refers to Bulbophyllum medusae, a captivating orchid species known for its unique, serpentine flower appearance. Its distinctive look makes it a popular choice for gardeners seeking unusual botanical specimens.
Understanding the Snake Orchid
Bulbophyllum medusae is an epiphytic orchid, meaning it grows on trees or other plants without causing them harm. This species is native to the lowland forests of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Thailand, Borneo, and Sumatra, typically found up to 400 meters above sea level. It grows from a creeping rhizome, with walnut-sized pseudobulbs each bearing a single apical leaf up to 10 cm long.
Its common name, “Medusa orchid” or “snake orchid,” comes from its striking floral characteristics. Each inflorescence produces a cluster of small, creamy yellow to white flowers, sometimes with subtle purple spots. The most distinguishing feature is the long, thread-like lateral sepals, which can grow up to 15 cm long and dangle downwards, creating an appearance reminiscent of Medusa’s snake-filled hair. These flowers typically bloom in the fall and winter; some may possess a musky or unpleasant scent, while others are subtly fragrant.
Caring for Your Snake Orchid
Light
Bulbophyllum medusae thrives in bright, indirect light conditions. An ideal light level for this orchid is between 15,000 and 17,000 lux, or moderate shade. Placing the plant near an east or north-facing window, where light is diffused, generally works well. Direct sunlight can easily scorch the leaves and flowers, leading to unsightly brown spots. If the plant is not receiving enough light, its rhizome may elongate excessively between pseudobulbs, indicating it is stretching to find brighter conditions.
Watering
Maintaining consistent moisture is important for Bulbophyllum medusae, as its natural habitat is humid. The substrate should be kept moist but never waterlogged, allowing it to dry partially between waterings. During warmer periods, more frequent watering is necessary, and light misting can help increase ambient humidity. If mounted, daily watering or even multiple times a day during hot weather may be required. Use water low in alkalinity, such as rainwater, distilled water, or reverse osmosis water, to prevent mineral buildup.
Humidity and Temperature
High humidity is important for Bulbophyllum medusae. Maintain humidity between 70% and 90%, especially if the plant is grown on a mount. For potted specimens, 50-60% humidity might suffice, but higher levels are preferred. Methods to increase humidity include humidity trays, misting, or cultivating the orchid in a mini-greenhouse or terrarium.
This species prefers warm to intermediate temperatures, mirroring its tropical origins. Daytime temperatures should range from 24-26°C (75-79°F), with nighttime temperatures dropping to 19-21°C (66-70°F). Consistent temperatures without extreme fluctuations are beneficial; while it adapts to intermediate-hot conditions, temperatures should not fall below 16°C (60°F). A daily temperature difference of 3-4°C between day and night can help stimulate flowering.
Potting Medium and Repotting
Bulbophyllum medusae is epiphytic, with pseudobulbs that spread along a creeping rhizome. It can be grown mounted on cork or wood slabs, mimicking its natural growth and promoting good air circulation around the roots. When potting, a well-draining, moisture-retentive mix is suitable, such as fine bark, sphagnum moss, and perlite. Some growers prefer using only sphagnum moss in wide, shallow pots or baskets to accommodate its spreading nature.
Repotting should be infrequent, every 2-3 years, or when the potting medium breaks down or the plant outgrows its container. This orchid does not prefer root disturbance, so handle it gently. When repotting, position older pseudobulbs towards the edge of the pot to allow new growth space, and ensure at least three older pseudobulbs are included in each division if propagating.
Fertilizing
Bulbophyllum medusae are light feeders. A balanced, diluted orchid fertilizer can be applied every 3-4 waterings during the active growing period. One-third to one-quarter of the recommended dose is sufficient. During inactive growth or in winter, reduce fertilization frequency. Flushing the potting medium with plain water once a month helps prevent salt and mineral buildup.
Common Problems and Solutions
Yellowing leaves on Bulbophyllum medusae indicate issues with watering or nutrient deficiency. Overwatering or poor drainage can lead to root problems, manifesting as yellowing foliage. Insufficient nutrients can also cause leaves to yellow.
Shriveled pseudobulbs are a sign of underwatering or, paradoxically, root rot, which prevents the plant from absorbing water. If shriveled, assess the potting medium’s moisture; if dry, increase watering, but if consistently wet, check for root rot and improve drainage.
Lack of blooms can stem from insufficient light or inadequate humidity. Bulbophyllum medusae requires bright, indirect light and high humidity to flower. Adjusting these conditions encourages blooming. A day-night temperature differential can also stimulate flower production.
Common pests that may affect Bulbophyllum medusae include spider mites and mealybugs. Regular inspection helps detect these pests early. Treat infestations with insecticidal soaps or horticultural oils; prevention through good plant hygiene is most effective.