The hops plant (Humulus lupulus) is a vigorous perennial known for its fast-growing, vining nature, though it is technically a bine. Hops are primarily cultivated for their distinctive cone-like flowers, a fundamental ingredient in brewing beer, imparting bitterness and aroma. Beyond brewing, hops also offer ornamental appeal, with lush foliage and rapid upward growth.
Characteristics of the Hops Plant
Hops grow as a bine rather than a true vine. Unlike vines, hops bines climb by wrapping their stems clockwise around structures, aided by stiff, hooked hairs. Its foliage consists of deep green, lobed leaves with serrated edges, often hand-sized and arranged in opposite pairs.
The most distinctive feature is its cone-like flowers, or strobiles, which develop on female plants. These papery cones range from light green to a faded hue as they mature. Within these cones are small, yellow, powdery glands called lupulin, containing the essential oils and resins responsible for the plant’s aroma and bitterness. Hops are dioecious, meaning male and female flowers grow on separate plants, with only female plants producing the desired cones.
Cultivating Hops: Growing Conditions
Hops thrive in ample sunlight, ideally receiving six to eight hours of direct sun daily. A south or southwest-facing area is often suitable; in intense summer heat, some afternoon shade prevents scorching. Hops establish best in well-draining soil, as consistently wet roots are detrimental. Loamy or sandy soil types are preferred.
Before planting, hops favor a soil pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Incorporating organic matter like compost or aged manure improves soil structure and provides initial nutrients. Young plants require frequent, light watering to establish roots, while mature hops need consistent moisture throughout the growing season, especially during dry periods. They perform best in climates with at least 120 frost-free days and prefer average temperatures between 59°F (15°C) and 70°F (21°C) during the growing season.
Care and Maintenance of Hops
Hops require robust support structures to accommodate their rapid growth, often reaching 15 to 25 feet in a single season. Trellises, poles, or strong strings provide the framework for bines to climb. Early in the season, when bines are about a foot long, select two to six strong bines per plant and gently train them clockwise around the support; remove any excess.
Regular fertilization supports healthy growth and cone production. Nitrogen is particularly important for bine development, typically applied between March and mid-July. Phosphorous and potassium are also necessary macronutrients, and soil testing can help determine specific needs. Consistent watering is important throughout the growing season, especially during warm periods, to prevent drought stress. Drip irrigation or watering at the base minimizes foliage wetness, which can encourage disease. While generally resilient, monitoring for common pests and diseases and implementing preventative measures helps maintain plant health.
Harvesting and Post-Harvest Handling
Hops cones are typically ready for harvest from late August to early September, though timing depends on variety and growing conditions. Signs of maturity include a papery, dry feel, a light and springy texture that bounces back after a gentle squeeze, and a pungent aroma when rolled between the hands. Internally, a ripe cone reveals yellow, powdery lupulin glands when cut open.
Harvesting can be done by hand-picking individual cones, or for mature plants, by cutting down entire bines about 2-3 feet above ground. Wearing gloves and long sleeves is advisable, as bines have abrasive hairs that can cause skin irritation. Once picked, hops cones require immediate drying to prevent spoilage and preserve their quality. Common drying methods include spreading them in a single layer on screens in a dark, well-ventilated area for several days, or using a food dehydrator set to a low temperature (95-115°F / 35-46°C) for 8-12 hours. Dried hops should feel brittle and papery, with the central stem snapping rather than bending. For long-term storage, dried hops are best kept in airtight containers, with air removed, and stored in a freezer to maintain aroma and potency.