The Ceriza plant, commonly known as the Barbados Cherry or Acerola (`Malpighia emarginata` or `Malpighia glabra`), is a tropical and subtropical shrub or small tree. It is native to the West Indies, southern Texas, Mexico, and Central and northern South America. This plant is valued as both an attractive ornamental specimen and a source of highly nutritious fruit, notably rich in Vitamin C.
Characteristics and Growth Habit
The Ceriza plant typically grows as a small to medium shrub, reaching heights of up to 12 feet (4 meters), though some varieties can attain 15 to 20 feet if left unpruned. It has a dense canopy of shiny, dark green, evergreen leaves, up to 8 cm long, which are arranged oppositely and can be elliptic, ovate, or obovate.
Throughout summer, and sometimes year-round in warmer climates, the plant produces small, pink or rosy flowers, about 2 cm in diameter, in clusters of three to five from the leaf axils. Following the blooms, the plant develops distinctive cherry-like drupes that are bright red, juicy, and typically 1 to 3 cm wide. These fruits often appear in pairs or trios and contain three small, triangular seeds.
Cultivation Requirements
The Ceriza plant thrives in warm, humid climates and is best suited for USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 9b through 11, with optimal temperatures ranging between 70-85°F (21-29°C). It prefers full sun exposure, requiring at least six hours of direct sunlight daily to promote fruit production; shading can reduce yield. While it can tolerate some partial shade, especially in hotter climates, consistent sunlight is beneficial.
The Ceriza plant prefers well-drained, slightly acidic to neutral pH soils (5.5-7.0). It tolerates various soil types, provided they are not waterlogged. Sufficient water is crucial for robust growth and maximum fruit yields, especially during flowering and fruiting. Young plants need regular watering, but mature plants are drought tolerant once established.
The plant is sensitive to cold, with low tolerance for temperatures below 50°F (10°C) and inability to endure temperatures below 30°F (-1°C). It also has low wind tolerance due to its shallow roots.
Ongoing Care and Maintenance
Fertilization supports vigorous growth and fruit production. Young Barbados cherry trees should be fertilized twice a year for the first four years, then less frequently as they mature. Use a balanced fertilizer suitable for fruit-bearing plants.
Pruning maintains plant health, shapes the tree, and maximizes fruit yields. It also controls height, making fruit harvesting easier. Remove dead or diseased branches and those that cross or rub to promote better air circulation and overall plant vigor.
While generally resilient, the Ceriza plant can encounter pests and diseases. Prevention includes maintaining good air circulation through proper pruning and ensuring overall plant health. When handling the plant, especially young ones, wear gloves as tiny hairs on stems and leaves can cause skin irritation.
Propagation
New Ceriza plants can be propagated through rooting cuttings or from seed. Seed germination is challenging and slow (6-12 months), and resulting plants may not resemble the parent. Therefore, propagation by cuttings is preferred for more reliable results.
Softwood or semi-hardwood cuttings are taken in spring or early summer. Cuttings should be 4 to 8 inches (10-20 cm) long from a healthy, disease-free plant, with a thickness similar to a finger. Removing the lower leaves and dipping the cut end in rooting hormone can enhance rooting success. Providing consistent moisture and warmth will encourage root development.
Harvesting and Uses
Ceriza fruit ripens quickly, often within weeks of flowering. Harvest when bright red and slightly soft. Due to rapid ripening and high perishability, pick frequently and handle gently to avoid bruising. Ripe fruits should be consumed or processed immediately, as they last only 2-3 days at room temperature.
The fruit is highly nutritious, particularly for its Vitamin C content, which can be 30 to 50 times greater than oranges. It also contains carotenoids and other potent antioxidants. Fresh consumption is common, but the tart, zesty fruit is versatile for culinary uses. It can be juiced, used in jams, syrups, sauces, and desserts, or processed into concentrates and liqueurs. The fruit is also dried and powdered to create natural Vitamin C supplements.