The Platycerium alcicorne, often recognized as the African Staghorn Fern, has a distinctive appearance. This fern is native to tropical Africa and Madagascar, where it thrives as an epiphyte, growing on other plants like trees rather than in soil. Its unusual form and growth habit make it a striking ornamental plant.
Unique Characteristics
The Platycerium alcicorne is distinguished by two types of fronds. Shield fronds, also known as basal fronds, are sterile, rounded, flattened structures that grow tightly against the mounting surface. These fronds are initially green and somewhat fleshy, but they eventually turn brown and papery with age. This papery layer should not be removed, as it helps to anchor the fern and collect water and debris for nutrient absorption.
Foliage fronds, or fertile fronds, are the prominent, antler-like structures that give the fern its common name. These fronds are typically gray-green, can grow up to 3 feet long, and often cascade or fork with an elegant, pendulous appearance. They are responsible for spore production, which occurs in dark brownish masses on their undersides. The distinct shape and dual functionality of these fronds are integral to the fern’s survival in its natural habitat.
Care Guide
Light
The Platycerium alcicorne thrives in bright, indirect light conditions, mimicking the dappled sunlight it receives in its native forest environment. Placing the fern near an east or north-facing window indoors, or in a filtered outdoor light setting, is ideal. Direct, intense sunlight can cause the fronds to scorch, resulting in browning or curling of the leaves. Conversely, insufficient light can lead to poor growth and prevent the plant from developing its full form.
Watering
Proper watering for the Platycerium alcicorne is crucial, given its epiphytic nature, meaning it does not grow in traditional soil. For mounted plants, a common method involves soaking the entire mount in lukewarm, lime-free water for several minutes, typically once a week during the growing season. Allow the plant to dry out slightly between waterings to prevent root rot. While the fern appreciates humidity, direct misting of the fronds should be done with caution, as excessive water on the shield fronds can lead to rot.
Humidity and Temperature
High humidity is beneficial for the Platycerium alcicorne, as it naturally grows in humid tropical environments. Aiming for humidity levels of 50% or higher is recommended. Methods to increase humidity include placing the plant near a humidifier, using pebble trays filled with water, or grouping it with other plants. The fern prefers temperatures ranging from 60 to 85°F (15 to 29°C) and should be protected from cold drafts or extreme temperature fluctuations.
Mounting and Substrate
Mounting is a preferred cultivation method for Platycerium alcicorne due to its epiphytic growth habit. Suitable mounting materials include wood planks, cork bark, or specialized fern plaques, which provide a stable surface for the plant to adhere to. Around the root ball, a well-draining, airy substrate such as sphagnum moss or coco coir should be used to retain moisture while ensuring good aeration. The plant is secured to the mount using fishing line or thin wire until its shield fronds grow to encompass and anchor it. If potting is chosen, a coarse, well-draining mix, often composed of bark, sphagnum, and peat, is necessary to prevent waterlogging.
Fertilizing
During its active growing season, typically spring and summer, the Platycerium alcicorne benefits from light fertilization. A balanced liquid fertilizer, diluted to half or quarter strength, is recommended. This can be applied monthly by soaking the mounted plant in the diluted solution or as a foliar spray. Over-fertilizing should be avoided, as it can lead to chemical burn on the fronds and damage the root system. Reduced or no fertilization is needed during the cooler, dormant months.
Propagation
Platycerium alcicorne can be propagated through the division of “pups” or offsets, which are small plantlets that emerge around the base of the parent fern. This is the most common method for home growers. When separating a pup, ensure it has roots attached and carefully detach it from the main plant. The newly separated pup can then be mounted or placed in a suitable substrate, ensuring high humidity and indirect light to encourage establishment. While propagation from spores is possible, it is a more advanced technique that requires specific conditions and is less commonly undertaken by hobbyists.
Common Issues and Troubleshooting
Common issues can affect the health of Platycerium alcicorne, often signaling environmental imbalances. Browning fronds, especially at the tips or edges, indicate low humidity, insufficient watering, or excessive direct light. Increasing ambient humidity and adjusting watering or light exposure can help resolve these issues. Soft, mushy fronds or signs of rot, particularly at the base, are symptoms of overwatering or inadequate air circulation. Allowing the plant to dry more thoroughly between waterings and ensuring good airflow can mitigate this problem. Common houseplant pests like scale insects or mealybugs can occasionally affect Platycerium alcicorne. These can be treated with organic solutions such as neem oil or insecticidal soap, applied according to product instructions.