Ferns are often recognized for their lush green foliage. Beyond the typical green, however, lies a captivating array of colorful fern varieties that introduce unexpected hues into both indoor and outdoor spaces. These plants offer a unique aesthetic appeal, showcasing shades of red, bronze, silver, and even iridescent blues, transforming traditional perceptions of fern coloration. Their diverse palettes make them striking additions.
The Science Behind Colorful Ferns
The vibrant colors observed in certain ferns stem from the presence and concentration of specific plant pigments. These include anthocyanins, responsible for red, purple, and pink tones, and carotenoids, which produce yellows and oranges. While chlorophyll, the green pigment essential for photosynthesis, is always present, other pigments can mask it, especially during new growth or under certain environmental conditions. Many colorful ferns exhibit distinct coloration in their newly unfurled fronds, which then gradually mature to green as chlorophyll production increases. Genetic variegation also plays a role, arising from natural mutations that affect pigment distribution, leading to patterns of different colors or sections lacking chlorophyll entirely.
Top Colorful Fern Varieties
The Autumn Fern, Dryopteris erythrosora, is renowned for its seasonal color changes. Its new fronds emerge in striking copper-red or orange-red hues in spring, gradually transitioning to a deep green as they mature. This fern typically grows to about 1 to 2 feet tall and wide, forming an arching clump.
Japanese Painted Fern, Athyrium niponicum ‘Pictum’, displays intricate patterns of silvery-gray, green, and purple, often with contrasting burgundy or red midribs. Its fronds can reach 12 to 20 inches in height and spread up to 24 inches, creating a graceful, weeping habit. The ‘Red Beauty’ cultivar, for instance, has silver-tinged green fronds with deep-burgundy stems and veins.
The Australian Tree Fern, Cyathea cooperi, though known for its emerald-green fronds, features new growth, or “fiddleheads,” often covered with delicate, silky hairs. These may appear with a subtle reddish or brownish tint before fully unfurling. This large fern can grow tall, reaching 15 to 30 feet in height with a spread of 10 to 15 feet, forming a distinctive tree-like structure.
Selaginella uncinata, commonly known as Peacock Fern or Rainbow Moss, stands out with its iridescent blue-green and bronze-red foliage, particularly vibrant on new growth. This plant forms a low-growing, spreading mat, typically reaching only a few inches in height but spreading up to a foot or more. The unique iridescence results from the way the plant’s epidermis diffracts light.
The ‘Bronze Venus’ Maidenhair Fern, Adiantum hispidulum ‘Bronze Venus’, has glossy fronds that emerge in a distinct bronze-red color before maturing to a dark green. This fern forms an upright, clump-forming tuft, growing to about 18 inches in both height and width, with delicate, finely divided fronds on black, wiry stalks.
General Care Tips for Colorful Ferns
Most colorful ferns thrive in environments that mimic their natural woodland habitats, preferring consistent moisture and dappled light. They require bright, indirect light; direct sunlight can scorch their delicate fronds, leading to discoloration. A location near an east-facing window or a few feet from a west or south-facing window with filtered light is often ideal for indoor cultivation.
Maintaining high humidity levels is important for ferns, as they naturally flourish in moist air. Grouping ferns together, using a pebble tray, or placing them in naturally humid rooms like bathrooms can help provide the necessary moisture. Watering should be consistent, keeping the soil evenly moist but never waterlogged to prevent root rot. Well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter, often neutral to acidic in pH, provides an optimal growing medium for these plants.
Enhancing and Maintaining Vibrant Color
To maximize and preserve the vibrant hues of colorful ferns, specific care adjustments can be beneficial. Optimal light exposure directly influences pigment production; too much direct sun can fade colors or cause scorching, while insufficient light can lead to duller foliage. Striking a balance with bright, indirect light is key to intensifying their coloration.
Consistent humidity is also important, as dry air can stress ferns, potentially diminishing their vibrant appearance. Regular misting or the use of a humidifier can help maintain the necessary atmospheric moisture.
When it comes to fertilization, a balanced approach is best. Over-fertilization, particularly with high-nitrogen fertilizers, can encourage excessive green growth at the expense of the unique colors, as nitrogen promotes chlorophyll production. A diluted, balanced liquid fertilizer applied sparingly during the growing season is generally sufficient. Pruning old, faded, or damaged fronds can also encourage the plant to produce new, colorful growth, contributing to a more vibrant display.