Caladium plants, often called Angel Wings or Elephant Ears, are popular ornamental plants known for their vibrant, colorful foliage. These tropical tuberous perennials, native to South and Central America, feature large, often heart-shaped leaves displaying striking combinations of green, red, white, and pink, with patterns that can include veins, speckles, or solid blocks of color. Numerous cultivars offer a diverse palette to brighten shady areas or add visual interest to containers and interiors.
Growing Caladiums
Caladiums thrive in warm conditions, making proper light exposure a primary consideration. While traditionally known for shade, many newer varieties tolerate more sun. Generally, caladiums perform best in partial to full shade, receiving about 4 to 6 hours of sun daily. Too much direct sunlight can scorch delicate leaves, leading to brown edges or holes, and can diminish the vibrancy of their leaf colors, which often become more intense in shadier conditions.
Consistent moisture is important for healthy caladium growth, as they have moderate to high water requirements. The soil should be kept consistently moist but never waterlogged, as soggy conditions can lead to tuber rot. Water directly into the soil at the base of the plant, allowing any excess to drain away.
Caladiums flourish in well-draining soil rich in organic matter. A slightly acidic, lime-free growing medium is ideal. When planting tubers, ensure the “eyes” or growth points face upwards, burying them a few inches deep. For outdoor planting, wait until soil temperatures are consistently above 65°F (18°C) and nighttime air temperatures remain above 60°F (15°C).
These plants thrive in hot and humid environments. Optimal growth occurs when air temperatures range between 70°F and 85°F (21°C and 29°C). For indoor caladiums, maintaining adequate humidity can be achieved through regular misting or by placing the pot on a pebble tray filled with water. Cold temperatures below 55°F (13°C) can damage tubers and foliage.
Caladiums are considered heavy feeders and benefit from regular fertilization during their active growing season. A balanced liquid fertilizer, or one slightly lower in nitrogen, applied every 2-4 weeks can support robust foliage development. Excessive nitrogen can negatively impact leaf coloration, so a balanced approach is recommended to maintain vibrant patterns. For container-grown plants, consistent feeding is especially beneficial due to nutrient leaching.
Common Caladium Problems
Yellowing leaves often point to either overwatering or nutrient deficiencies. If the soil remains soggy, roots can suffocate, leading to yellowing. A lack of essential nutrients, particularly nitrogen, can also cause foliage to lose its vibrant color. Browning edges on leaves indicate insufficient humidity or inconsistent watering.
Drooping leaves typically signal that the plant is thirsty and requires immediate watering. Persistent drooping even after watering could suggest root rot from prolonged overwatering, where the roots are no longer able to absorb water effectively. Pests such as aphids and spider mites can affect caladiums, appearing as small insects on the undersides of leaves or causing stippling and discoloration. Addressing infestations promptly with insecticidal soap or neem oil can help mitigate damage. Fungal problems, like leaf spot, may manifest as dark spots on the foliage, often exacerbated by high humidity and poor air circulation; improving these conditions can help prevent their spread.
Winter Dormancy and Storage
Caladiums enter a dormant phase as temperatures cool. As fall approaches and temperatures drop below 55°F (13°C), or after the first light frost, foliage will begin to yellow and die back, signaling dormancy. This is the appropriate time to prepare tubers for storage.
Carefully dig up caladium tubers before the ground freezes. Gently brush off excess soil and allow tubers to air dry for several days in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area to “cure” them. Once cured, store dry tubers in a mesh bag, paper bag, or a box filled with dry peat moss, vermiculite, or sawdust to prevent desiccation and rot. The ideal storage environment is dark, cool, and dry, with temperatures consistently between 50°F and 60°F (10°C and 15°C). Replant tubers the following spring once soil and air temperatures warm sufficiently, typically after the last frost.
Caladium Toxicity
Caladium plants contain calcium oxalate crystals, making all parts of the plant toxic if ingested. This can cause irritation and a burning sensation in the mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal tract for both humans and pets. Ingestion may also lead to swelling, difficulty swallowing, and upset stomach. It is advisable to place caladiums out of reach of children and pets and to wear gloves when handling the plants to avoid skin irritation.