The “Bushman’s Hat” (Encephalartos horridus) is a unique cycad known for its distinctive appearance, particularly its caudex, which often resembles a hat. This plant offers a prehistoric aesthetic, making it a compelling addition to gardens.
Identifying Bushman’s Hat
Encephalartos horridus, often called the Eastern Cape blue cycad, is a slow-growing plant native to South Africa’s Eastern Cape Province. Its most distinguishing feature is its caudex, or trunk, which can be subterranean or partially exposed, growing up to 0.9 meters (3 feet) tall and wide. The common name “Bushman’s Hat” refers to the often wide, flattened shape of this mature caudex.
The leaves of Encephalartos horridus are another key identifier. They are stiff, spiny, and typically a striking blue-green or silvery-blue, especially when young. These leaves can reach up to 1 meter (39 inches) in length and often recurve sharply towards their tips. Each leaflet is sharply toothed and twisted, reflected in its scientific name “horridus,” meaning bristly or rough.
Cultivating Bushman’s Hat
Successful cultivation of Encephalartos horridus involves mimicking its natural arid habitat, prioritizing excellent drainage and appropriate light exposure. This slow-growing species thrives when its specific environmental needs are met.
Light Requirements
Encephalartos horridus generally prefers bright, direct sunlight for optimal growth and to enhance the vibrant blue coloration of its leaves. While mature plants can tolerate full sun, young seedlings may benefit from bright, indirect light to prevent scorching. In exceptionally hot or desert climates, providing some afternoon shade can prevent stress and maintain the plant’s health.
Soil and Potting
The plant requires well-draining, gritty soil to prevent root rot, which is a common issue for cycads in overly moist conditions. A soil mix formulated for cacti and succulents, amended with materials like perlite, pumice, or coarse sand, provides the necessary aeration and drainage. It prefers a slightly acidic to neutral soil pH, ideally around 6.5.
Watering
Watering should be done sparingly, allowing the soil to dry out almost completely between waterings. While drought-tolerant, regular watering during the warmer growing season supports optimal growth. During cooler, dormant periods, reduce watering significantly to prevent fungal issues and rot.
Temperature and Humidity
Encephalartos horridus thrives in moderate to warm temperatures, ideally around 25°C (77°F), and prefers a subtropical climate. It can tolerate light frosts for short periods if the soil is dry, but protect it from heavy or prolonged frosts, as these can be fatal. The plant benefits from moderate humidity levels, around 50%, but prefers drier conditions overall.
Fertilization
This cycad benefits from a balanced fertilizer with an N-P-K ratio such as 10-10-10 or a low-nitrogen formula like 3:1:3 or 3:1:2. Fertilize during the growing season, typically every 4-6 weeks, to support healthy development. Slow-release preparations are suitable for garden plants, and liquid fertilizers can be used for potted specimens.
Dormancy
Encephalartos horridus experiences a dormant period, particularly during cooler months, which typically lasts around three months. During this time, reduce watering to a minimum and cease fertilization, allowing the plant to rest before renewed growth.
Repotting
Repotting is typically needed every 2-3 years, or when the plant outgrows its current container. Select a pot that is slightly larger than the previous one and always ensure it has ample drainage holes. Handle the plant carefully during repotting to avoid damaging its roots, which are sensitive to disturbance.
Propagating Bushman’s Hat
Propagating Encephalartos horridus can be achieved through seeds or by separating offsets, also known as pups, which form at the base of the main caudex.
Propagation from seeds is possible, though it can be a slow process.
Sow seeds in a well-draining soil mix.
Keep seeds in a warm, bright location.
Expect germination to take several months to over a year; fresh seeds germinate more readily.
Soaking seeds in lukewarm water for 24-48 hours before planting can aid germination.
Rooting offsets is a more reliable method. These suckers can be carefully separated from the parent plant and potted individually. Ensure the offset is healthy and free from rot before planting. While seed propagation offers genetic diversity, offsets provide a faster route to a more mature plant.
Common Challenges and Solutions
Root rot is a prevalent disease, often resulting from overwatering or poorly draining soil. To prevent this, ensure the plant is in a well-draining medium and allow the soil to dry thoroughly between waterings. If root rot is suspected, improving drainage and reducing water frequency are crucial steps.
Scale insects and mealybugs are common issues for cycads. These can be treated with horticultural oil or insecticidal soap, applied according to product instructions. Good air circulation also helps deter pest infestations. Yellowing leaves can indicate nutrient deficiencies or improper watering, necessitating a review of the fertilization schedule and watering practices.
Safety and Handling
The plant contains toxins that can be harmful if ingested. All parts of the plant, including seeds, are poisonous to humans and pets. Therefore, it is important to keep the plant out of reach of children and animals.
The leaves of Encephalartos horridus are rigid, sharply spiny, and can cause injury. When working with or around the plant, wearing protective gloves and eyewear is advisable to prevent cuts or punctures. Positioning the plant away from high-traffic areas or pathways in a garden setting can also help prevent accidental contact.