Influenza, or the flu, is a respiratory illness caused by viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs. While anyone can get the flu, it can be more severe for pregnant individuals. Managing flu symptoms safely during pregnancy is important for both the pregnant person and the developing baby. This guide outlines strategies for addressing the flu during this time.
Why Flu is Different During Pregnancy
Pregnancy causes physiological changes that alter the body’s response to flu. The immune system naturally adjusts to accommodate the developing fetus, making pregnant individuals more susceptible to infections and severe complications. Increased oxygen demand and changes in heart and lung function also make it harder to cope with respiratory infections. These factors increase the risk of severe outcomes, including pneumonia and hospitalization.
The flu during pregnancy can also impact the developing baby. Fever, a common flu symptom, has been associated with concerns like neural tube defects and other adverse outcomes for the baby. Flu infection can increase the likelihood of preterm labor, preterm birth, and low birth weight. In serious cases, flu complications have been linked to stillbirth.
Safe Medical Approaches
If a pregnant individual develops flu symptoms, early medical intervention can be beneficial. Healthcare providers may prescribe antiviral medications like oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza). These medications work best within 48 hours of symptom onset, but can still offer benefits up to four or five days later. Oseltamivir is often preferred due to extensive safety studies in pregnant individuals and is typically taken for five days.
For symptom relief, some over-the-counter options are safe under medical guidance. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) can help reduce fever and alleviate pain. Saline nasal sprays or rinses are safe for clearing nasal congestion. Some cough suppressants, like dextromethorphan (Robitussin-DM) and guaifenesin (Mucinex), are also considered safe.
Avoid certain medications, including NSAIDs like ibuprofen, and some decongestants, especially in the first trimester or with underlying conditions like high blood pressure. Always consult with a doctor before taking any medication during pregnancy.
Managing Symptoms at Home
Beyond medical treatments, home strategies can help manage flu symptoms and promote comfort during pregnancy. Rest allows the body to conserve energy and focus on recovery. Stay well-hydrated by drinking plenty of water, clear broths, and electrolyte solutions to prevent dehydration. Warm beverages with lemon and honey can also soothe a sore throat and calm a cough.
A humidifier can add moisture to the air, easing congestion and making breathing more comfortable. Warm baths or steamy showers can also relieve nasal and chest congestion. Gargling with warm salt water can reduce throat pain and irritation. Nasal strips may also help open nasal passages to improve breathing.
Knowing When to Seek Professional Help
While many flu cases resolve with home care and medical treatment, pregnant individuals should know when to seek professional medical attention. Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath indicates a serious complication. Persistent pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen also requires immediate evaluation.
Other concerning symptoms include sudden dizziness, confusion, severe or persistent vomiting, or a high fever that does not respond to acetaminophen. A decrease in fetal movement should prompt a call to a healthcare provider. If flu symptoms improve but then return with a worse cough or fever, or if seizures occur, emergency care is necessary. Prompt communication with a healthcare provider is important for any suspected flu symptoms.
Protecting Yourself from Flu
Preventing the flu is important for pregnant individuals. The influenza vaccine is the most effective protective measure and is recommended during any trimester of pregnancy. The flu shot is safe for both the pregnant person and the baby, protecting the baby for several months after birth by passing antibodies. The nasal spray flu vaccine, however, is not approved for use during pregnancy.
Beyond vaccination, good hygiene habits can further reduce infection risk. Frequent handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds effectively removes viruses. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers with at least 60% alcohol can be used when soap and water are unavailable. Avoiding close contact with sick individuals and not touching the eyes, nose, and mouth also help prevent virus spread.