Sunburn is a form of radiation burn resulting from excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, either from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. It damages skin cells, leading to an inflammatory response where the immune system increases blood flow to affected areas, causing redness, warmth, and pain. While completely eliminating sunburn in a single day is not possible, as skin healing requires time, immediate actions can significantly reduce discomfort and minimize symptoms. The focus is on rapid relief and supporting the skin’s natural recovery processes.
Rapid Soothing Tactics
Addressing sunburn symptoms can alleviate discomfort. Taking frequent cool baths or showers helps lower skin temperature and reduce inflammation. Avoid harsh soaps during these baths and gently pat the skin dry afterwards, leaving it slightly damp for moisturizers. Applying cool compresses, such as a towel dampened with cool water, to affected areas for about 10 minutes several times a day also provides relief. Avoid direct application of ice packs to sunburned skin, as it can cause further damage.
Topical applications soothe the skin. Pure aloe vera gel is often recommended for its cooling and anti-inflammatory properties, which help calm stinging and discomfort. Aloe vera gel can aid in healing burns by reducing redness and helping the skin retain moisture. Alternatively, a nonprescription 1% hydrocortisone cream can reduce inflammation and discomfort. When choosing moisturizers, select fragrance-free and non-comedogenic options to avoid further irritation.
Over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications can relieve internal pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or naproxen help reduce pain and swelling. These medications are most effective when taken soon after sun exposure and can be continued as directed for the first 24-48 hours. Acetaminophen can also be used for pain and minor chills. Protecting sunburned skin from further sun exposure is important; wear loose, breathable clothing.
Supporting Skin Recovery
Beyond immediate soothing, several measures support skin healing. Sunburn can draw fluid to the skin’s surface, potentially leading to dehydration, so drinking plenty of water is important to replenish lost fluids and promote faster healing. Electrolyte-rich drinks can also help with rehydration.
Continued gentle moisturizing is important. Applying a moisturizer while the skin is still damp after a cool bath or shower helps lock in moisture. Keeping skin hydrated prevents excessive peeling and supports cell repair. Look for moisturizers containing ingredients like aloe vera or soy for their soothing effects.
Avoid picking at blisters or peeling skin to prevent complications. Blisters form to protect the underlying healing skin and should be left intact to reduce infection risk. If blisters break, gently clean the area with mild soap and water, apply antibiotic ointment, and cover with a nonstick bandage. Avoid harsh exfoliants or alcohol-containing products on sunburned skin, as they can cause irritation and dryness.
When to Consult a Doctor
While many sunburns can be managed at home, certain symptoms warrant professional medical attention. Seek immediate care if you experience extensive blistering, particularly if blisters cover a large portion of the body (more than 20%), or if they appear on the face, hands, or genitals. Severe pain that does not respond to over-the-counter pain relievers also signals a need to consult a healthcare provider.
Systemic symptoms such as fever (over 102°F or 39°C), chills, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, or confusion indicate a more severe reaction, sometimes referred to as sun poisoning. Signs of dehydration, including dry mouth, extreme thirst, reduced urination, or lightheadedness, also necessitate medical evaluation. Any signs of infection, such as pus, increasing pain, or red streaks leading from blisters, require prompt medical attention. Sunburn in infants or young children always requires medical evaluation due to their increased vulnerability to dehydration and other complications.