An overbite is a common type of malocclusion. It occurs when the upper front teeth overlap the lower front teeth excessively. While a slight overlap of the upper teeth over the lower teeth, typically 1-2 millimeters, is considered normal and even necessary for proper bite function, an overbite indicates a greater vertical overlap. This condition can range in severity, from a minor overlap to instances where the upper teeth completely cover the lower teeth or even bite into the gum tissue behind them.
Understanding Overbites
An overlap exceeding 2 to 4 millimeters is generally classified as an overbite and may warrant professional evaluation. In severe presentations, the lower teeth can make contact with the roof of the mouth.
Uncorrected overbites can lead to various oral health concerns, including excessive wear on tooth enamel, difficulties with chewing efficiency, and potential speech impediments. Persistent overbites can also contribute to jaw pain, sometimes associated with TMJ issues.
Overbites often stem from a combination of factors, including genetic predispositions that influence jaw size discrepancies. Childhood habits, such as prolonged thumb-sucking or pacifier use, can contribute. The premature loss of lower back teeth can also affect bite alignment, leading to increased overbite over time.
Orthodontic Correction for Younger Patients
Correcting an overbite in younger patients leverages their ongoing growth and development. Early orthodontic intervention, known as Phase 1 treatment, occurs between ages 7 and 10, when a child has mixed dentition. This approach focuses on guiding jaw development to address skeletal discrepancies before they become more entrenched. Palatal expanders are a common appliance used to widen the upper jaw, creating more space and improving the relationship between the upper and lower dental arches.
Functional appliances, such as the Herbst appliance, are also employed to influence jaw growth. The Herbst appliance encourages forward growth of an underdeveloped lower jaw, often fixed for 6 to 12 months. These appliances can be used with limited braces to align individual teeth while guiding jaws into a harmonious position. Addressing overbites during these formative years can prevent more severe problems from developing, reducing the need for extensive or surgical treatments later. Early correction can also enhance facial aesthetics and improve overall oral function.
Orthodontic Correction for Adults
Correcting overbites in adults presents considerations since jaw growth is complete and bone tissue is denser than in adolescents. Despite these differences, various effective orthodontic options are available. Traditional braces, including metal, ceramic, or lingual types, remain an effective method for addressing overbites. These appliances apply consistent pressure to gradually move teeth into their correct positions.
Clear aligner systems, such as Invisalign, offer a discreet alternative for adult patients. Clear aligners effectively correct mild to moderate overbites by gradually shifting teeth. In some cases, clear aligners may be used with elastics to adjust jaw position for optimal bite correction. Treatment times vary, but clear aligner therapy for overbites often ranges from 12 to 24 months.
For severe skeletal overbites, where jaw misalignment is too pronounced for orthodontics alone, orthognathic surgery may be recommended. This surgery repositions jawbones for proper alignment and is typically combined with orthodontic treatment before and after.
Ensuring Long-Term Stability
Maintaining the results achieved after active orthodontic treatment for an overbite is achieved through an important phase known as retention. Teeth have a natural tendency to shift back towards their original positions, known as relapse, due to elastic pull from gum tissues and ongoing facial growth. Consistent retainer wear is important to stabilize teeth in their newly corrected positions.
Orthodontists commonly prescribe two main types of retainers. Fixed, or bonded, retainers consist of a thin wire permanently cemented to the back surfaces of the teeth. This retainer does not require daily patient compliance.
Removable retainers, such as Hawley retainers or clear plastic retainers, are custom-made devices worn for a specified duration each day. Removable retainers are worn nightly for at least the first year following treatment. Failure to wear retainers as instructed can lead to tooth movement and a return of the overbite, potentially requiring further orthodontic intervention.