Hematuria, the presence of red blood cells in urine, can manifest in two forms: gross hematuria, which is visible to the naked eye, or microscopic hematuria, detectable only under a microscope. While concerning, it is a symptom requiring investigation, not a diagnosis. Any instance of blood in urine warrants medical attention to determine its underlying cause.
Visual Indicators of Blood in Urine
Gross hematuria is identified by noticeable changes in urine color, which may appear pink, red, or even a cola-colored or brownish hue. Even a small amount of blood can significantly alter the urine’s appearance, making the color change apparent. The intensity of the urine color does not necessarily indicate the severity of the underlying condition. Certain foods, such as beets or blackberries, and some medications can also cause urine to appear reddish, which might be mistaken for blood. Noting these visual changes and any other unusual characteristics can be helpful when discussing concerns with a healthcare provider.
At-Home Urine Tests
Over-the-counter urine dipstick tests can screen for blood in urine by reacting with hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells, causing a color change on the strip. While convenient, at-home tests have limitations and are not definitive diagnostic tools. They can produce false positive results due to factors like menstruation, certain foods, or medications. False negatives can also occur, meaning blood might be present but not detected. A positive result from an at-home test always necessitates follow-up with a medical professional for further evaluation.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Any instance of blood in urine, whether visible or detected by an at-home test, requires consultation with a healthcare provider. Prompt medical attention is important if the blood in urine is accompanied by symptoms such as severe pain in the flank, abdomen, or back, difficulty or pain during urination, fever, chills, nausea, or vomiting. Even if the visible blood seems to disappear, or if the symptom resolves on its own, a medical evaluation remains necessary to rule out any serious underlying conditions. Ignoring hematuria can lead to the worsening of potentially serious health problems.
Medical Confirmation and Investigation
When consulting a doctor for suspected blood in urine, the initial steps involve confirming its presence and beginning the diagnostic process. A healthcare professional will typically perform a urinalysis, which involves examining a urine sample, often under a microscope, to confirm red blood cells are present. If blood is confirmed, further tests are usually ordered to identify the cause. These may include blood tests to assess kidney function, imaging studies like an ultrasound or CT scan of the urinary tract, or a cystoscopy, a procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted to view the bladder lining. This systematic approach helps medical professionals pinpoint the source of the bleeding and develop an appropriate treatment plan.