Testicular cancer is a relatively uncommon cancer, yet it remains the most frequently diagnosed cancer among men aged 15 to 40. Understanding risk factors and effective strategies for early detection can significantly improve outcomes. This article provides clear, science-backed information about this condition.
Understanding Risk Factors
Several factors can increase a person’s likelihood of developing testicular cancer. One recognized risk factor is cryptorchidism, an undescended testicle. Testicles normally develop in the abdomen and descend into the scrotum before birth; in about 3% of boys, this descent fails.
Even if surgery (orchiopexy) is performed to correct an undescended testicle, the increased risk of testicular cancer remains, though it can be reduced by half if surgery occurs before puberty. The risk is higher if the testicle remained in the abdomen compared to one that descended partially into the groin. This suggests the abnormality leading to undescended testicles may also be linked to cancer development, rather than the location itself.
A family history of testicular cancer also increases risk. Having a brother with testicular cancer elevates the risk by eight to twelve times, while a father with the disease increases it by two to four times. However, only a small percentage of testicular cancers are linked to family history, and most men diagnosed with the disease do not have such a history. A personal history of testicular cancer in one testicle also raises the risk of developing it in the other, occurring in about 3-4% of cases.
The Importance of Early Detection
Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes and survival rates for testicular cancer. Performing regular testicular self-examinations (TSE) helps individuals notice any changes. It is recommended to perform a self-exam once a month, starting around age 15.
The best time to perform a TSE is after a warm bath or shower, as the scrotal skin is relaxed, making it easier to feel the testicles. Standing during the examination, visually inspect the scrotum for any swelling. Then, gently examine each testicle separately using both hands, rolling it between the thumb and fingers to feel the entire surface. It is normal for one testicle to be slightly larger or hang lower than the other.
During the self-exam, become familiar with the epididymis, a soft, tube-like structure located at the top and back of each testicle, which can sometimes be mistaken for a lump. Look and feel for any new lumps, swelling, changes in size or shape, or a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum. While most lumps are not cancerous, any changes, or any pain or soreness, should prompt an immediate consultation with a healthcare provider.
Separating Fact from Fiction
Many misconceptions exist regarding the causes and prevention of testicular cancer. Injuries or trauma to the testicles, and activities like horseback riding or bike riding, do not cause testicular cancer.
Wearing tight clothing or taking hot baths are not scientifically proven causes of testicular cancer. There is no evidence suggesting that these external factors contribute to the development of the disease.
While maintaining a healthy lifestyle through diet and exercise is beneficial for overall well-being and can reduce the risk of many other cancers, these factors do not have a direct, proven preventative effect on testicular cancer. The emphasis for this specific cancer should remain on understanding established risk factors and practicing consistent self-detection methods.