Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis) is an ornamental plant known for its delicate, bell-shaped white flowers and sweet fragrance. Despite its appealing appearance, this common garden plant is highly poisonous. All parts of the plant contain toxic compounds that can pose a significant health risk if ingested.
Toxic Compounds and Parts
The plant’s toxicity stems from its concentration of cardiac glycosides, naturally occurring compounds that directly affect heart function. These include substances such as convallatoxin, convallatoxol, and convallarin. These glycosides inhibit the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in cells, particularly those of the heart, altering the heart’s electrical activity and pumping ability.
Every part of the plant, including leaves, stems, flowers, roots, and especially the red berries, contains these potent toxins. Even water from cut flowers can absorb these compounds, becoming hazardous if consumed. The severity of poisoning depends on the amount ingested and individual sensitivity.
Recognizing Symptoms
Ingestion of Lily of the Valley can lead to a range of symptoms affecting multiple body systems. Gastrointestinal distress is common, manifesting as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. These digestive issues often appear first.
The plant’s cardiac glycosides can profoundly impact the heart. Individuals may experience an irregular heartbeat, a slow heart rate, or fluctuations in blood pressure. Chest tightness and, in severe instances, cardiac arrest are possible outcomes.
Neurological effects can also occur, including drowsiness, confusion, weakness, headaches, and blurred vision. Symptoms can vary widely in severity, and even small exposures can be dangerous, particularly for children and pets due to their smaller body mass. Direct skin contact may also lead to irritation or rashes.
Emergency Protocol
Immediate action is necessary if Lily of the Valley ingestion is suspected. Do not attempt to induce vomiting, as this can worsen the situation. Instead, rinse the mouth thoroughly with water to remove any remaining plant residue.
Contacting a poison control center or emergency services without delay is the most important step. In the United States, the national toll-free Poison Help line, 1-800-222-1222, connects callers directly to their local poison center, offering free and confidential expert advice. If the individual collapses, has a seizure, or experiences difficulty breathing, call 911 immediately.
When seeking medical help, provide as much information as possible, including the amount ingested and time of ingestion. If feasible, bring a sample of the plant for identification.
To prevent exposure, consider these measures:
Educate children about not eating unknown plants.
Supervise pets around Lily of the Valley.
Wear gloves when handling the plant.
Consider planting it in areas inaccessible to vulnerable individuals.