Humpback whales, colossal marine mammals, are known for their acrobatic displays. Among their many behaviors, breaching stands out as an impressive act. This spectacular leap from the water’s surface showcases the power and grace of these animals.
What Breaching Looks Like
Breaching is when a humpback whale propels its massive body out of the water, gaining speed underwater, often from a vertical ascent or by swimming parallel to the surface before angling upwards. They can launch almost their entire body clear of the water, sometimes reaching heights of 10 to 16 feet. As they emerge, they may twist or spin in mid-air, creating an awe-inspiring spectacle. The powerful descent back into the ocean culminates in a thunderous splash, often landing on their side, back, or belly. This requires immense energy, with a 30-ton whale expending as much energy as a human running a marathon for a single breach.
How Often Humpbacks Breach
The frequency of humpback whale breaching varies considerably, influenced by a combination of factors. Location and season play a role, with breaching often observed more frequently in warmer breeding grounds during mating seasons, even when whales are fasting. Conversely, during feeding seasons or in specific environmental conditions, the frequency might differ.
Group size and social dynamics also impact breaching rates. Whales in larger groups or certain social contexts may breach more, suggesting it serves as a non-verbal signal within the pod. However, some studies indicate a decrease in breaching when groups are closer, relying on other communication forms. Environmental conditions, such as windy or choppy water, can increase breaching, possibly because the loud splash travels farther in noisy environments.
Individual variation is another aspect, as some whales, particularly juveniles and females, tend to breach more often than others. The high energy cost of breaching means that whales typically engage in it when the benefits outweigh the expenditure. The behavior is observed intermittently, often in bursts, depending on these dynamic influences.
Why Humpback Whales Breach
Breaching serves multiple purposes for humpback whales. A primary theory suggests it is a form of communication, with the loud splash traveling great distances underwater to signal other whales. This can be particularly useful for announcing location or intent when pods are spread apart or in noisy conditions where vocalizations might be less effective. Breaching may also function as a display of strength or dominance, especially among males during the breeding season to attract mates or deter rivals.
Another theory posits that breaching helps whales remove external parasites like barnacles or lice. The forceful impact with the water upon re-entry could dislodge these irritants, contributing to the whale’s hygiene and comfort. Breaching is also considered a form of play or social interaction, particularly among younger whales, allowing them to release energy and strengthen social bonds within a group.
Breaching aids in orientation or scanning, allowing the whale to gain a temporary aerial view of its surroundings. This could assist with navigation or assessing the presence of other marine life or potential threats. Breaching might even play a role in hunting, potentially disorienting or stunning prey.