Amber, a captivating organic gemstone, is not a mineral but fossilized tree resin, appreciated for its natural beauty since Neolithic times. This ancient material forms over millions of years as resin from coniferous trees, and sometimes other plants, undergoes a process of polymerization and oxidation after burial in the ground. Unlike traditional gemstones, amber’s value is not fixed and depends on a combination of unique characteristics, making each piece distinct.
Understanding Amber’s Value Drivers
The market price of amber is influenced by several intrinsic factors, including origin, size, color, clarity, and inclusions. Geographical source heavily impacts value, as amber from different regions exhibits unique properties. For instance, Baltic amber, primarily sourced from countries like Lithuania, Poland, and Russia, is often considered of high quality, while Dominican amber is known for its transparency and potential for rare blue varieties. Mexican amber also offers distinct characteristics.
Size and weight are also important considerations, with larger, heavier pieces generally commanding higher prices due to their rarity. Amber is typically sold by gram weight rather than carats, where one gram equals approximately five carats. Small raw amber nuggets might cost a few dollars per gram, while larger pieces exceeding 200 grams can reach hundreds or thousands of dollars per gram.
Color and clarity significantly affect amber’s desirability and price. While common hues range from yellow and orange to brown, rare colors like red (often called cherry amber), green, and especially blue amber fetch much higher prices. Transparent amber is generally more valuable than cloudy or opaque varieties, though milky-white “butterscotch” amber is also highly sought after. Microscopic air bubbles often cause the cloudy or milky appearance in some Baltic amber.
Inclusions, such as preserved insects, plant matter, or even air bubbles, can increase amber’s value, particularly if they are rare and well-preserved. Since the release of films like “Jurassic Park,” amber containing mosquito inclusions has gained considerable popularity among collectors. While plant material inclusions are scientifically significant, they typically add less value to jewelry. The overall shape and cut, whether natural, polished, or crafted into beads, carvings, or cabochons, also contribute to the final price.
Market Dynamics and Authenticity
External market forces, including supply and demand, influence amber prices. Increased global demand, particularly from Asian markets, has contributed to rising prices. Geological and environmental factors affecting extraction, as well as high extraction costs, can limit supply, further impacting market value.
Authenticity is a major concern in the amber market due to the prevalence of imitations. Common fakes include copal, which is younger, less fossilized resin, as well as plastics and glass.
Authenticity Tests
Several simple tests can help distinguish genuine amber:
- Real amber is lightweight and warm to the touch, unlike heavier, colder glass.
- It floats in saltwater, while most imitations sink.
- Rubbing genuine amber vigorously can generate static electricity, allowing it to attract small pieces of paper or hair.
- A hot needle test on an inconspicuous spot of real amber will produce a distinct pine-like scent, whereas plastic will emit a chemical odor.
For definitive verification, professional gemological assessment is recommended.
Amber often undergoes various treatments to enhance its appearance and value. Heating is a common method used to deepen color, increase transparency by reducing cloudiness from air bubbles, or create decorative “sun spangles”. Dyeing can also be used to achieve specific colors, such as green or red hues. While treated amber is still considered natural, untreated pieces in desirable forms command higher prices, especially if they are rare or unique.
Where to Buy and Sell Amber
When acquiring amber, purchasing from reputable sources is advisable to ensure authenticity and fair pricing. Established jewelers, specialized amber shops, and trusted online platforms are reliable options. These sellers often provide certificates of authenticity, particularly for significant purchases. Attending large, international gem and mineral shows with credentialed exhibitors also offers opportunities to find genuine amber from various dealers.
For high-value or unique pieces, auction houses can be a suitable venue for both buying and selling. When considering online marketplaces, caution is important; reviewing seller feedback and understanding return policies helps mitigate risks. General online marketplaces often feature a wide range of amber, but authenticity can vary greatly.
If selling personal amber pieces, obtaining an appraisal from a certified gemologist can provide an accurate valuation, especially for valuable items. Specialized buyers or consignment options with reputable dealers who have expertise in amber can offer the best returns. Selling directly to local jewelers or gift shops is another possibility, though they are often more inclined towards wholesale pricing.