Cortisone shots are a common medical treatment used to reduce inflammation and pain in various conditions, such as arthritis and tendinitis. These injections often cause a temporary rise in blood sugar, a side effect that is generally manageable and resolves over time. This article explains the physiological reasons behind this effect, typical blood sugar changes to expect, factors that influence individual responses, and effective strategies for managing blood sugar after receiving a cortisone injection.
Why Cortisone Affects Blood Sugar
Cortisone injections contain corticosteroids, which are synthetic versions of cortisol, a hormone naturally produced by the adrenal glands. Cortisol plays a significant role in regulating the body’s metabolism, including how it manages glucose, or blood sugar. When a cortisone shot is administered, it mimics and amplifies the actions of this natural hormone.
Corticosteroids influence blood sugar primarily by increasing the liver’s production of glucose and by reducing the body’s sensitivity to insulin. The liver releases more stored sugar into the bloodstream, a process called gluconeogenesis. Simultaneously, these synthetic hormones make muscle and fat cells less responsive to insulin, which is the hormone responsible for moving sugar from the blood into cells for energy. This decreased insulin sensitivity means that more glucose remains in the bloodstream, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.
Typical Blood Sugar Elevation and Duration
After a cortisone shot, blood sugar levels temporarily increase, with the extent and duration varying among individuals. A noticeable rise often occurs within 6 to 12 hours, peaking within 24 to 48 hours. Elevated levels usually last for 3 to 5 days, though some individuals may experience this effect for up to a week or even two. Studies indicate that diabetic patients might see an average increase in fasting blood glucose levels, which typically return to baseline within a few days. In some cases, peak blood sugar values can reach as high as 500 mg/dL.
Factors Influencing the Response
Several factors influence how a cortisone shot affects an individual’s blood sugar levels and for how long. The dosage and specific type of corticosteroid used play a role; higher doses or longer-acting formulations may lead to more pronounced or prolonged effects. The site of the injection can also be a factor.
Individual metabolism contributes to the variability in response; how quickly a person’s body processes and eliminates the medication can affect the duration of blood sugar elevation. Pre-existing health conditions are particularly impactful; individuals with diabetes, prediabetes, or underlying insulin resistance are more susceptible to significant and prolonged blood sugar increases. For instance, patients with well-controlled diabetes might experience a moderate rise, while those with less controlled diabetes or who use insulin could see more significant increases. Even those without a diabetes diagnosis can experience temporary elevations.
Managing Blood Sugar After a Cortisone Shot
Managing blood sugar after a cortisone shot involves proactive steps, especially for individuals with diabetes or those at risk of high blood sugar. Close monitoring of blood sugar levels is important, particularly for 5 to 7 days following the injection. It is often recommended to check blood sugar at least four times daily, such as before meals and at bedtime.
Communication with a healthcare provider is also important. Individuals should inform their doctor about any pre-existing conditions and any concerning blood sugar readings they observe.
Temporary adjustments to diet can help manage elevated levels, focusing on reducing carbohydrate intake and choosing low-glycemic foods. Staying well-hydrated by drinking plenty of water is also beneficial. Engaging in light to moderate physical activity, if medically appropriate and cleared by a doctor, can further assist in lowering blood sugar levels.
For individuals with diabetes, temporary adjustments to insulin or oral medications may be necessary, but these changes should always be made under the direct guidance of a healthcare professional.