Low-intensity X-rays are used to examine breast tissue, a process known as mammography. This medical imaging technique employs a specialized X-ray system to produce detailed images of the breast, aiding in breast health by allowing for internal examination.
Understanding How Mammography Works
Mammography utilizes low-dose X-rays to create images of the breast’s internal structures. When these X-rays pass through breast tissue, different tissue types absorb the radiation to varying degrees. Dense tissues, such as tumors or glandular tissue, absorb more X-rays and appear lighter on the image, while fatty tissues absorb less and appear darker.
The X-rays that pass through the breast are captured by a detector, which converts the X-ray energy into a digital image or records it on film. This recorded image, called a mammogram, provides a detailed map of the breast’s internal architecture. To obtain a comprehensive view, two images are taken of each breast: the cranio-caudal view, which captures the breast from top to bottom, and the medio-lateral oblique view, capturing it from an angle.
The Role of Early Detection
The ability of mammography to detect abnormalities in soft breast tissues is important for breast health. Early diagnosis of breast cancer through mammography is associated with improved treatment outcomes. Detecting a tumor when it is small and localized often allows for less invasive treatment options, potentially reducing the need for extensive surgery or aggressive therapies.
Mammography can identify subtle changes in breast tissue, such as tiny calcifications or small masses, long before they can be felt during a physical exam or cause noticeable symptoms. This early identification increases the chances of successful treatment. Studies show higher survival rates for individuals whose breast cancer is detected early.
Preparing For and Undergoing a Mammogram
Preparing for a mammogram involves steps to ensure clear images. Individuals should avoid applying deodorants, antiperspirants, lotions, or powders to their underarms or breasts on the day of the exam. These products can contain metallic particles that may appear as calcifications on the X-ray image, potentially leading to misinterpretation.
During the procedure, a technologist will position each breast on a specialized plate. Gentle compression is then applied to flatten the breast, which helps to spread out the tissue, reduce the X-ray dose, and prevent motion blur for a clearer image. While this compression may cause brief discomfort or pressure, it lasts only for a few seconds per image. The entire process, including positioning and imaging, takes about 15 to 30 minutes. Results are communicated within a few days, either by mail, phone, or through an online patient portal.
Modern Mammography Techniques
Mammography has advanced from traditional 2D imaging to more sophisticated methods. Traditional 2D mammography captures a single, flat image of the breast, where overlapping tissue can sometimes obscure abnormalities or create confusing shadows. This overlap can make it challenging to distinguish between normal breast tissue and a potential tumor.
Modern advancements include 3D mammography, also known as breast tomosynthesis, which captures multiple X-ray images from different angles around the breast. These images are then reconstructed by a computer to create a detailed, three-dimensional view of the breast tissue. The primary advantage of 3D mammography is its ability to reduce the impact of overlapping tissue, leading to clearer images and potentially reducing the number of false positives or false negatives. While 3D mammography involves a slightly higher radiation dose compared to 2D mammography, the dose remains very low and within safe limits for screening purposes.