Granddaddy long legs are a common sight in many homes and gardens, often sparking curiosity. Despite their frequent appearance, much confusion surrounds these creatures, particularly regarding their true identity and longevity. Understanding their typical lifespan and the factors influencing it provides insight into the lives of these fascinating arachnids.
What are Granddaddy Long Legs?
The common name “granddaddy long legs” can lead to confusion, as it often refers to two distinct types of arachnids: Harvestmen (Order Opiliones) and Cellar Spiders (Family Pholcidae).
Harvestmen are not true spiders, though often mistaken for them due to their eight legs and small, oval bodies. A key characteristic distinguishing Harvestmen is their fused body, appearing as a single segment, unlike spiders which have two distinct body parts (cephalothorax and abdomen). They possess only two eyes, do not produce silk, and lack venom glands.
Cellar Spiders, conversely, are true spiders belonging to the family Pholcidae. They have the characteristic two-segmented body of spiders, eight eyes, and are capable of spinning irregular webs. These spiders also have venom, though it is considered harmless to humans. Most inquiries about granddaddy long legs’ lifespan refer to Harvestmen, the more widespread group sharing this moniker.
How Long Do They Live?
The lifespan of granddaddy long legs varies significantly depending on whether one is referring to a Harvestman or a Cellar Spider.
Harvestmen have a short lifespan, living about one year or less. Their life cycle is often tied to seasonal changes, with eggs laid in the fall hatching in the spring, and adults maturing and reproducing before dying off as winter approaches. Some Harvestmen species in warmer climates or sheltered locations might survive up to two years, but this is less common.
Cellar Spiders live longer than Harvestmen. These true spiders can survive for two to three years once they reach maturity. Their ability to inhabit sheltered indoor environments, like basements and attics, provides a stable environment, contributing to their extended longevity.
Factors Influencing Their Lifespan
Numerous environmental and biological factors influence the lifespan of granddaddy long legs, particularly for Harvestmen given their shorter existence.
Temperature fluctuations and humidity levels play a significant role, as Harvestmen are susceptible to dehydration and seek damp, shaded areas for survival. Access to appropriate shelter, such as under logs, rocks, or eaves, protects them from harsh weather conditions and extreme temperatures.
Predation is another significant factor impacting their survival. Birds, mammals, amphibians, and larger spiders are common predators of Harvestmen. Harvestmen employ various defense mechanisms, including playing dead, secreting foul-smelling substances, or detaching a leg to distract a predator. Consistent access to food sources also affects their longevity; Harvestmen are omnivores, feeding on small insects, decaying plant and animal matter, and fungi.
The reproductive cycle of Harvestmen also dictates their lifespan. For many species, their life is intrinsically linked to a single breeding season, after which the adults die. Habitat disturbance, whether from human activity like landscaping or natural events such as floods, can significantly impact their living spaces and reduce their chances of survival. These combined pressures contribute to the brief life of a Harvestman.