A cervical cap is a form of barrier contraception designed to prevent pregnancy. This small, reusable cup, typically made of silicone, fits snugly over the cervix, which is the opening to the uterus. Its primary function is to create a physical barrier, effectively blocking sperm from entering the uterus and reaching an egg. It is most effective when used in conjunction with spermicide, a substance that immobilizes or kills sperm.
Reliability in Preventing Pregnancy
The effectiveness of the cervical cap varies depending on consistent and correct use, and whether a person has previously given birth. For individuals who have never given birth (nulliparous), the cervical cap is approximately 86% effective with typical use. When used perfectly and consistently, its effectiveness for nulliparous individuals can range from 80% to 91%.
For individuals who have previously given birth (parous), the cervical cap is less effective due to changes in cervical shape after childbirth. Its typical use effectiveness for parous individuals is around 71%. With perfect use, the effectiveness for parous individuals is estimated between 60% and 74%.
Factors Influencing Success
Several factors directly influence the cervical cap’s success in preventing pregnancy. Consistent and correct use is important; failing to use the cap every time intercourse occurs significantly reduces its effectiveness. An improper fit or incorrect insertion can also render the device ineffective, as it may not adequately cover the cervix or could become dislodged.
Physical changes to the cervix after vaginal childbirth can impact how well the cap fits, leading to lower effectiveness rates for parous individuals. Using spermicide with the cervical cap is also necessary for optimal protection, as it provides an additional chemical barrier against sperm. Adhering to the recommended timing for insertion and removal is important for its efficacy.
Proper Application and Care
Using the cervical cap effectively begins with obtaining the correct size, which requires a prescription and a fitting by a healthcare provider. Refitting may be necessary after events like pregnancy, significant weight changes, or pelvic surgery, as these can alter the cervix.
Before insertion, hands should be washed, and spermicide applied to the dome and rim of the cap. The cap is then squeezed and inserted into the vagina, pushed towards the cervix, and checked to ensure full coverage. The cervical cap can be inserted up to six hours before intercourse and must remain in place for at least six hours after the last act of intercourse. It should not be left in for more than 48 hours total.
For removal, squatting and pushing against the dome to break the suction before gently pulling it out by the strap is recommended. After each use, the cap should be washed with mild soap and warm water, air-dried, and stored in its case. Regularly checking the cap for any holes or tears is also advised to maintain its integrity and effectiveness.
Other Important Considerations
The cervical cap offers no protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). To prevent STIs, barrier methods like condoms should be used in conjunction with the cervical cap. While generally safe, some individuals may experience minor side effects such as vaginal irritation, or, in rare cases, an increased risk of urinary tract infections or toxic shock syndrome if left in too long.
The cervical cap offers several advantages, including being hormone-free, reusable for up to two years, and user-controlled. It can also be inserted hours before intercourse, allowing for spontaneity. However, it requires a prescription and professional fitting, and some users may find the insertion and removal process challenging.
Consult a healthcare provider if pregnancy is suspected, or if there is persistent vaginal irritation, unusual or foul-smelling discharge, or abdominal pain. Medical attention is also necessary if the cap cannot be removed.