Yellow jasmine, scientifically known as Gelsemium sempervirens, is a plant recognized for its vibrant yellow, trumpet-shaped flowers and appealing fragrance. Despite its aesthetic appeal, this vine harbors potent compounds that make it highly toxic. Ingesting any part of the plant can lead to severe health consequences, and in some instances, prove lethal.
The Plant’s Deadly Chemistry
The toxicity of yellow jasmine stems from a group of powerful compounds known as indole alkaloids. The primary neurotoxic alkaloids identified include gelsemine, gelseminine, gelsemicine, gelsedine, gelseverine, and sempervirine. These compounds are present throughout the entire plant, making all its parts—including the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and even the nectar—highly poisonous. Even consuming a small amount can result in fatal outcomes due to the concentration of these potent neurotoxins.
Mechanism of Toxicity
The neurotoxic alkaloids in yellow jasmine disrupt the nervous system’s normal functioning. Gelsemine, a prominent alkaloid, acts as an agonist for glycine receptors (GlyRs), which are ligand-gated ion channels in the central nervous system. When gelsemine activates these receptors, it causes chloride ions to flow into neurons, leading to inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and subsequent muscle relaxation. This interference can depress the central nervous system.
At higher doses, these alkaloids also antagonize gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity within the central nervous system. This dual action on inhibitory neurotransmitter systems results in disruption of nerve impulses, leading to progressive muscle weakness, paralysis, and involuntary muscle contractions known as clonic convulsions. The most dangerous consequence of this neurological interference is respiratory depression, which can advance to complete paralysis of the respiratory muscles, causing respiratory failure and ultimately death. The plant’s toxins can also lead to a slowed heart rate and decreased blood pressure, further compromising vital functions. A particularly concerning aspect of yellow jasmine poisoning is that a person may remain conscious even as their body becomes paralyzed.
Identifying Poisoning Symptoms
The symptoms of yellow jasmine poisoning can vary depending on the amount of plant material ingested and an individual’s sensitivity. Initial symptoms typically appear within two to six hours after consumption, though onset can sometimes be delayed.
Early signs often include sweating, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, headaches, and dizziness. As the poisoning progresses, more severe effects become apparent. These advanced symptoms can manifest as muscle weakness, blurred vision, and widened pupils. Individuals may also experience difficulty swallowing, convulsions, muscle spasms, and a drop in body temperature. In severe cases, the poisoning can lead to life-threatening conditions such as respiratory depression, breathing difficulties, complete respiratory paralysis, cardiac arrest, seizures, and coma.
Immediate Action and Prevention
In any suspected case of yellow jasmine poisoning, immediate medical attention is crucial. Contact Poison Control at 800-222-1222 in the United States or call local emergency services like 911. Avoid attempting self-treatment or inducing vomiting, as this can worsen the situation. Medical professionals will provide supportive care, which may include gastric lavage (if performed within approximately one hour of ingestion) and activated charcoal to help absorb toxins. Medications like benzodiazepines or phenobarbital might be used to manage seizures, and atropine can address a slowed heart rate.
Preventative measures are important to avoid accidental exposure.
Educate children about the dangers of eating unknown plants, as they might mistake yellow jasmine flowers for edible honeysuckle.
Wear protective gloves when handling yellow jasmine, as its sap can cause skin irritation, especially if there are cuts or abrasions.
Ensure pets do not consume any part of the plant, given its toxicity.
Remove yellow jasmine from yards and gardens to eliminate a potential source of poisoning.