Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a respiratory illness caused by viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs. While the flu can affect anyone, pregnancy significantly alters a woman’s immune system and physiology, making expectant individuals more susceptible to severe complications. This vulnerability poses heightened risks for both the mother and the developing baby.
Understanding Increased Vulnerability During Pregnancy
Pregnancy induces physiological adaptations that heighten vulnerability to severe flu. The immune system changes to accommodate the growing fetus, making it less effective at combating infections. This altered immune response can lead to a prolonged inflammatory state, increasing disease severity.
The cardiovascular and respiratory systems also change during pregnancy. The heart works harder, and lung capacity can be reduced by the expanding uterus, particularly in the second and third trimesters. These changes mean an illness like the flu places additional strain on these systems, increasing severe complications.
Impact on Maternal Health and Fetal Development
Flu infection during pregnancy can lead to serious health complications for the mother. Pregnant individuals are more likely to experience severe illness, including hospitalization, compared to non-pregnant adults. Pneumonia, a lung infection, is a common and serious flu complication during pregnancy.
The effects of flu can also extend to fetal development and pregnancy outcomes. Infection can increase the risk of preterm labor and preterm birth. Low birth weight is another outcome associated with maternal flu infection. A high maternal fever, a common flu symptom, has been linked to an increased risk of certain congenital anomalies, such as neural tube defects, cleft lip, and cardiovascular malformations, especially if it occurs early in pregnancy.
Preventive Measures for Pregnant Individuals
Annual vaccination is the most effective way for pregnant individuals to prevent the flu. The flu shot is considered safe and beneficial at any stage of pregnancy, protecting both mother and baby. When a pregnant person receives the vaccine, antibodies pass to the baby, offering protection against the flu for the first several months after birth, when they are too young for vaccination.
General hygiene practices also play an important role in flu prevention. Frequent hand washing with soap and water, especially after being in public, helps reduce germ spread. Avoiding close contact with sick individuals and not touching the eyes, nose, and mouth can also decrease infection risk. If soap and water are unavailable, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol.
Management and Care If Flu Occurs
If a pregnant individual suspects flu, prompt medical attention is important. Contacting a healthcare provider as soon as symptoms appear is recommended, as early treatment reduces severity and duration. Antiviral medications, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza), are prescribed. These medications are most effective when started within 48 hours of symptom onset, though they may still benefit if taken up to four or five days later.
Symptom management is also important. Rest and adequate fluid intake are recommended to prevent dehydration. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is considered safe for reducing fever and pain during pregnancy, but consult a healthcare provider before taking medication. Seek emergency medical care immediately if severe symptoms develop, such as:
Difficulty breathing
Severe chest or abdominal pain
Sudden dizziness or confusion
Persistent vomiting
Decreased fetal movement