Anabolic steroids are synthetic substances similar to testosterone. While these compounds have legitimate medical applications, their abuse, particularly among teenagers, presents significant health dangers. The developing physiological systems and psychological state of adolescents are uniquely susceptible to the disruptive influence of these potent drugs. This article details the adverse effects of non-medical steroid use in this vulnerable age group.
Understanding Teen Steroid Use
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are manufactured versions of testosterone that promote muscle growth and male characteristics. They increase protein synthesis and reduce muscle breakdown, leading to increased muscle size and strength. Teenagers abuse AAS to improve physical appearance, often aiming for a more muscular physique, or to enhance athletic performance.
The pressure to achieve a certain body type or to gain a competitive edge can be intense during adolescence, stemming from peer influence, societal expectations, and the pursuit of athletic scholarships. Some teenagers might also lack awareness about the severe health risks associated with steroid use. AAS are typically administered orally, in pill form, or through injections directly into the muscles.
Physical Health Consequences
Steroid abuse causes physical changes and health issues in teenagers. Hormonal imbalances frequently manifest as severe acne, particularly on the face and back, and can lead to premature balding. Females may experience male-pattern hair growth, while males might develop gynecomastia, which is breast tissue enlargement.
The reproductive system is also significantly affected, with male teenagers potentially experiencing testicular atrophy (shrinking of the testicles) and reduced sperm count, impacting fertility. Female adolescents may encounter menstrual irregularities, clitoral enlargement, and a deepening of their voice. Additionally, steroid use can prematurely close growth plates in bones, leading to stunted growth and a shorter adult height than would naturally occur. The cardiovascular system can be compromised, with increased blood pressure and unfavorable changes in cholesterol levels, specifically an increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Oral steroid use can also strain the liver, potentially leading to damage. Furthermore, rapid muscle growth from steroid use can increase the risk of tendon injuries, as the connective tissues may not adapt as quickly as the muscles.
Mental and Emotional Impacts
Anabolic steroid abuse in teenagers can profoundly affect their psychological and behavioral well-being. Users often experience rapid and extreme mood swings, oscillating between euphoria and intense irritability. This heightened aggression is commonly referred to as “roid rage,” which can lead to violent outbursts and damage personal relationships.
During periods of withdrawal, teenagers may suffer from significant depression and anxiety. Some individuals can develop paranoia, experiencing extreme feelings of mistrust or fear, and even delusions, involving distorted perceptions of reality. Body dysmorphia, an obsessive preoccupation with perceived flaws in one’s physique, can also drive continued steroid abuse, as users constantly strive for an unattainable ideal body. These psychological changes can foster a strong psychological dependence, making it challenging for teenagers to discontinue use despite negative consequences, contributing to addiction.
Long-Term Body System Damage
Prolonged abuse of anabolic steroids can result in severe, often irreversible, and chronic health problems that extend beyond immediate physical changes. The cardiovascular system is at significant risk, with an increased likelihood of developing conditions such as heart attacks, strokes, and cardiomyopathy due to sustained high blood pressure and adverse cholesterol profiles. Chronic liver damage, including the formation of cysts and an elevated risk of liver cancer, is a serious concern, especially with oral steroid use.
Kidney function can also become impaired over time, potentially leading to kidney damage. The endocrine system may suffer permanent hormonal imbalances, which can cause long-term infertility in both males and females. Musculoskeletal issues can persist, including an increased susceptibility to severe injuries that may not heal properly, alongside chronic joint pain. Additionally, the sharing of needles for injectable steroids carries a substantial risk of contracting infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS and various forms of hepatitis.