A yeast infection, also known as candidiasis, is a common fungal infection causing irritation, itching, and discomfort. This condition occurs when there is an overgrowth of yeast, particularly in areas like the vagina, which naturally hosts a balance of microorganisms. Many individuals experience at least one vaginal yeast infection in their lifetime. While uncomfortable, these infections are generally treatable with antifungal medications.
Understanding the Fungal Culprit
Yeast infections stem from an overgrowth of Candida albicans, a fungus naturally residing on the skin and within various body parts like the mouth, gut, and vagina. Normally, beneficial bacteria keep Candida growth in check, maintaining a delicate microbial balance. A yeast infection develops when this balance is disrupted, allowing Candida to multiply rapidly and cause symptoms.
Common Triggers and Risk Factors
Several factors can upset the body’s natural microbial balance, leading to Candida overgrowth and yeast infection.
Antibiotics
Taking antibiotics is a common trigger, as these medications eliminate beneficial bacteria that normally control yeast growth. This disruption allows Candida to proliferate, increasing the risk of infection, with the risk ranging from 10-30% after antibiotic use. Broad-spectrum antibiotics, which target a wide range of bacteria, are particularly noted for this effect.
Hormonal Fluctuations
Hormonal fluctuations also play a role in altering the environment where Candida resides. Elevated estrogen levels, such as those during pregnancy, or due to birth control pills and hormone therapy, can increase susceptibility to yeast infections. Menopause can also increase risk due to changes in vaginal tissue and pH.
Weakened Immune System
A weakened immune system can reduce the body’s ability to control Candida growth. Conditions like uncontrolled diabetes, HIV, or corticosteroid use can suppress immune function, making individuals more susceptible to recurrent yeast infections. Diabetes specifically contributes to yeast overgrowth because high blood sugar levels provide a readily available food source for the yeast.
Clothing and Hygiene
Certain clothing choices and hygiene practices can also create an environment conducive to yeast growth. Wearing tight-fitting, non-breathable clothing, such as synthetic underwear or tight jeans, can trap heat and moisture, fostering a warm, damp environment where yeast thrives. Additionally, practices like douching can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina, removing beneficial microorganisms that keep yeast in check. The use of scented feminine products or harsh soaps can likewise irritate tissues and alter the natural pH.
Chronic Stress
Chronic stress can indirectly contribute to yeast infections by impacting immune function. While stress does not directly cause yeast infections, it can weaken the immune system, making the body less effective at managing Candida levels. Stress may also lead to increased cortisol levels, which can elevate blood sugar, providing more fuel for yeast.
Is it Contagious?
Yeast infections are not classified as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), as they often develop from an internal imbalance rather than external transmission. However, it is possible for yeast infections to be passed between partners during sexual activity, though this is not common. For instance, about 15% of men may experience symptoms of a penile yeast infection after sexual contact with an infected partner. Men can develop yeast infections when exposed to Candida through a partner.
Preventing Imbalance
Maintaining a healthy balance of microorganisms can help reduce the risk of yeast infections.
Choosing breathable underwear, particularly cotton, and avoiding overly tight clothing can prevent the accumulation of heat and moisture that yeast favors. Promptly changing out of wet swimsuits or sweaty workout clothes also helps maintain a dry environment.
Good hygiene practices are important, but excessive measures can be counterproductive. It is advisable to avoid douching, scented feminine products, and harsh soaps, as these can disrupt the vagina’s natural pH and beneficial bacteria. Wiping from front to back after using the toilet can prevent the transfer of yeast or bacteria from the anal area to the vagina.
For individuals taking antibiotics, discussing probiotic use with a healthcare provider may be considered to help maintain microbial balance. For those with diabetes, careful management of blood sugar levels is a preventative measure, as high glucose feeds yeast. A balanced diet, limiting excessive sugar intake, can also support overall microbial health.