A urinary tract infection (UTI) affects any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. They are caused by bacteria, most often affecting the bladder and urethra. Sexual activity is a known factor that can increase the likelihood of developing a UTI.
The Connection Between Sex and UTIs
Sexual activity can transfer bacteria into the urinary tract, leading to a UTI. The main bacterium responsible for most UTIs is Escherichia coli (E. coli), which naturally resides in the gastrointestinal tract and around the anus. During sexual intercourse, the mechanical action can move these bacteria from the perianal region towards the opening of the urethra.
Individuals with vaginas are more susceptible due to anatomical differences. Their urethra is shorter than in individuals with penises, providing a shorter pathway for bacteria to travel to the bladder. The urethral opening is also located close to both the anus and the vagina, increasing bacterial migration during sexual activity.
Once bacteria enter the urethra, they can ascend into the bladder, where they multiply, establishing an infection. This process is not related to personal hygiene, but rather the physical act itself, which can push bacteria further into the urinary system. Any form of sexual contact, including oral sex, can introduce bacteria into the urethra. Close to 80% of premenopausal women with a UTI had engaged in sexual activity within the previous 24 hours.
Recognizing the Signs
Recognizing the signs of a UTI is important after sexual activity. Symptoms manifest within 24 to 48 hours following intercourse. A common symptom is a strong, persistent urge to urinate, often accompanied by passing only small amounts of urine.
Individuals may also experience a burning sensation or pain during urination. The urine may appear cloudy or have a strong, unusual odor. Some people report discomfort or pressure in the pelvic area, particularly around the pubic bone.
Reducing Your Risk
Several strategies can reduce the likelihood of developing a UTI after sexual activity. Urinating immediately after sex is a recommended practice, as it helps flush out any bacteria that may have entered the urethra during intercourse before they can establish an infection. Some experts also suggest urinating before sexual activity.
Staying well-hydrated is beneficial; drinking plenty of water helps dilute urine and encourages more frequent urination, aiding in flushing bacteria from the urinary tract. Aiming for at least six to eight glasses of water daily can help maintain a healthy urinary system. Proper hygiene, such as wiping from front to back after using the toilet, prevents the spread of bacteria from the anal region to the urethra.
Certain birth control methods, like diaphragms or spermicides, can increase the risk of UTIs. If recurrent UTIs are a concern, discussing alternative contraception options with a healthcare provider is advisable. Using a vaginal lubricant can reduce friction during sex, reducing urethral irritation.