Naltrexone is a medication used to support individuals in their recovery from opioid and alcohol use disorders. It functions by interacting with certain systems in the body to help reduce cravings and block the pleasurable effects of these substances.
How Naltrexone Modifies Sensation
Naltrexone acts as an opioid receptor antagonist. It binds to and blocks opioid receptors in the brain, preventing external opioids from attaching and producing their typical euphoric and sedative effects. When these receptors are blocked, the “high” associated with opioid use is significantly diminished or eliminated.
Naltrexone also reduces the rewarding sensations of alcohol consumption. It achieves this by blocking the release of endorphins, natural opioids produced by the brain that contribute to alcohol’s pleasurable effects. Naltrexone itself does not produce a “high” or psychoactive effect; instead, it changes how the brain processes pleasure and craving signals related to these substances. This blocking action means individuals do not experience the effects of opioids or alcohol as they normally would.
Expected Physical and Emotional Experiences
Individuals beginning naltrexone treatment may experience various physical and emotional sensations. Common physical effects include nausea, headache, dizziness, fatigue, sleep disturbances, stomach cramping, vomiting, diarrhea, or joint and muscle pain. These physical sensations are mild and temporary as the body adjusts to the medication.
Emotionally, individuals might notice changes such as anxiety, nervousness, or irritability. While naltrexone is intended to reduce cravings for opioids and alcohol, some individuals might experience mild depression or mood changes. These emotional shifts are part of the body’s adjustment and are not severe. Naltrexone’s primary emotional impact is a reduction in the intense cravings associated with substance use.
Initial Adjustment and Long-Term Effects
The initial period of taking naltrexone involves an adjustment phase where side effects may be more noticeable. Many common initial sensations, such as nausea or headache, subside within the first few days or weeks as the body adapts to the medication. Taking oral naltrexone with food can help ease nausea, and staying hydrated can reduce dizziness or headaches.
In the long term, the primary change reported by individuals on naltrexone is a sustained reduction in cravings for alcohol and opioids. This can contribute to a sense of stability and normalcy, allowing individuals to focus on their recovery without the intense highs or lows previously associated with substance use. Naltrexone does not cause physical dependence and does not produce withdrawal symptoms when discontinued. It helps to rewire the brain’s reward system over time, reducing the desire for substances.
When to Consult a Healthcare Provider
While many sensations experienced with naltrexone are mild and temporary, certain signs warrant immediate medical attention. Individuals should consult a healthcare provider if they experience severe or persistent side effects. Symptoms such as severe nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, especially if accompanied by dizziness or dehydration, require prompt evaluation.
Signs of potential liver problems include right upper belly pain, loss of appetite, dark yellow or brown urine, light-colored stools, or yellowing of the skin or eyes. Significant mood changes, including worsening depression or thoughts of self-harm, should also be reported to a healthcare provider immediately. Any signs of an allergic reaction, such as a severe rash, hives, swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat, or difficulty breathing, necessitate emergency medical care. Discuss any concerns or unusual experiences with the prescribing doctor to ensure safe and effective treatment.