Aquamation, also known as alkaline hydrolysis or water cremation, offers an alternative method for the disposition of human remains. This process uses water and alkaline chemicals to gently break down the body, differing significantly from traditional flame-based methods. It provides families with another option to consider when making funeral arrangements for their loved ones.
The Aquamation Process Explained
The aquamation process begins by placing the deceased body into a stainless steel vessel. This chamber is then filled with a solution consisting primarily of water, typically around 95%, along with about 5% of an alkaline chemical such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. The vessel is then heated to a controlled temperature, often ranging from 150°C to 160°C (302°F to 320°F), and pressurized to prevent the water from boiling. Some systems operate at lower temperatures, around 98°C (208°F), which extends the process duration.
This heated alkaline solution facilitates alkaline hydrolysis, accelerating the breakdown of organic materials. The high pH causes the soft tissues of the body to dissolve into their basic chemical components, such as amino acids, peptides, and sugars. This mimics the decomposition process that occurs naturally in soil over a much longer period. The duration of the process varies depending on the temperature and pressure used, typically taking about 4 to 6 hours for higher temperature systems or 14 to 16 hours for lower temperature ones.
During this time, organic matter, including fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, is systematically hydrolyzed. The water-based solution breaks down complex biological structures into a sterile liquid. This liquid, often described as having a tea-like color, contains no DNA or RNA and is typically safely returned to the water cycle. The process reduces the body to its basic chemical elements, leaving behind only the inorganic bone structure.
The Final Remains
Following aquamation, the only solid materials that remain are the inorganic bone minerals. These bones are soft and porous, retaining their original structure but becoming brittle due to the removal of organic components. After the process is complete, the bones are carefully rinsed with water to ensure they are clean.
The clean bone fragments then undergo a drying phase, often in a specialized oven. Once completely dry, these fragile bones are processed into a fine, white powder. This pulverization is typically done using a cremulator, similar to the equipment used in flame cremation. The resulting powder has a consistency and appearance much like that of traditional cremated remains.
These processed remains are then placed into an urn or other suitable container, which is returned to the family. The physical characteristics of aquamated remains, such as their texture and color, are consistent, offering a familiar form for memorialization. Families can then choose to scatter, bury, or keep the remains, just as they would with flame-cremated ashes.
Distinguishing Aquamation from Flame Cremation
Aquamation and flame cremation represent two distinct methods for body disposition, each utilizing different scientific principles. Flame cremation relies on high temperatures, typically between 870°C and 1000°C (1600°F and 1800°F), to rapidly reduce the body through incineration. In contrast, aquamation uses a combination of water, alkaline chemicals, and lower temperatures, usually below 160°C, to dissolve organic tissues through a chemical process.
A significant difference lies in their environmental outputs. Flame cremation releases greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, and can produce other air emissions from the combustion process. Aquamation, by its nature, produces no atmospheric emissions, as it is a water-based process that does not involve burning.
Regarding energy consumption, aquamation generally uses substantially less energy than flame cremation, with estimates suggesting it uses about 10% of the energy. This is because heating water to 160°C requires less energy than maintaining temperatures near 1000°C. While both processes result in pulverized bone remains, the volume and appearance can differ slightly; aquamation often yields a finer, whiter powder and may produce a greater volume of remains compared to flame cremation.
Why Choose Aquamation?
Families often select aquamation for various reasons, with environmental considerations being a prominent factor. The process is recognized for its reduced carbon footprint, as it avoids the direct burning of fossil fuels associated with flame cremation. This results in significantly lower energy consumption and eliminates atmospheric emissions, appealing to those seeking a disposition method with less environmental impact.
Another reason for choosing aquamation is its perceived gentle nature. The water-based process is often described as a calm and respectful method of returning a body to its basic elements. For some, the idea of a water-based dissolution feels more natural and less aggressive than high-heat incineration, aligning with a desire for a peaceful transition.
The growing acceptance of aquamation as an alternative disposition method also contributes to its increasing popularity. As more information becomes available and its availability expands, individuals and families are becoming more aware of this option.