The eardrum, also known as the tympanic membrane, is a thin tissue between the outer and middle ear. It plays a fundamental role in hearing by vibrating when sound waves reach it, transmitting these vibrations to the small bones of the middle ear. A ruptured eardrum is a hole or tear in this membrane. This condition can compromise hearing and leave the middle ear susceptible to external elements.
Immediate Physical Sensations
A ruptured eardrum often causes sudden, sharp ear pain that may quickly subside. Many describe a “popping” or “snapping” sensation at the moment of rupture. A sudden release of pressure in the ear may also be felt, contributing to disequilibrium or dizziness.
Other Common Symptoms
Symptoms often develop shortly after a ruptured eardrum, including decreased hearing, described as muffled sounds or partial hearing loss. Tinnitus, a ringing, buzzing, or humming sound originating within the ear, is also common. Fluid drainage from the ear is another frequent symptom; this discharge can appear clear, pus-like, or contain blood. Vertigo, a spinning sensation, may also occur, sometimes leading to nausea or vomiting. The ear might also feel clogged or full, accompanied by occasional popping or crackling noises.
Understanding Causes and Next Steps
Several factors can lead to a ruptured eardrum. Middle ear infections, where fluid buildup creates pressure behind the membrane, are a frequent cause. Sudden changes in air pressure, known as barotrauma, such as during air travel or scuba diving, can also cause a rupture. Exposure to extremely loud noises, referred to as acoustic trauma, like an explosion or gunshot, can similarly damage the eardrum. Direct injury to the ear, including inserting objects too far into the ear canal or severe head trauma, can also result in a tear. If a ruptured eardrum is suspected, prompt medical attention is advisable to confirm the diagnosis and prevent potential complications.
Recovery and Long-Term Considerations
Many minor eardrum ruptures heal on their own without specific treatment, typically within a few weeks to a couple of months, with healing time depending on the hole’s size and presence of infection. During the healing process, keep the ear dry by avoiding swimming and using waterproof earplugs or petroleum jelly-coated cotton balls when showering. Blowing the nose should be avoided, as it can create pressure that may hinder healing. If the eardrum does not heal naturally, or for larger tears, medical intervention such as an eardrum patch or surgical repair (tympanoplasty) may be necessary. While temporary hearing loss is common, hearing typically returns once the eardrum has healed.