The Bornean pygmy elephant, scientifically known as Elephas maximus borneensis, represents a distinct and unique subspecies of Asian elephant. These elephants are found exclusively on the island of Borneo, inhabiting the forests of its northeastern regions across Indonesia and Malaysia. Genetic evidence indicates that these elephants became separated from their mainland Asian and Sumatran relatives approximately 300,000 years ago.
Measuring the Pygmy Elephant
Bornean pygmy elephants are the smallest elephants in Asia, yet they remain substantial as the largest land mammals on Borneo. Adult males typically stand between 1.7 to 2.6 meters (5 feet 6 inches to 8 feet 6 inches) tall at the shoulder. Females are generally smaller, reaching heights of about 1.5 to 2.2 meters (4 feet 11 inches to 7 feet 2 inches). Their body length can extend from 3.1 to 3.8 meters (10.17 to 12.47 feet). Despite their “pygmy” designation, these elephants possess considerable weight, with an average estimated weight around 2,500 kilograms (5,500 pounds). Their weight can range significantly, from approximately 1,800 kilograms (4,000 pounds) up to 5,000 kilograms (11,000 pounds).
Pygmy Elephants Compared
Comparing Bornean pygmy elephants to their larger relatives highlights their smaller stature. African bush elephants, the largest terrestrial animals, can reach 3.04 to 3.36 meters (10 to 11 feet) tall at the shoulder and weigh 5,200 to 6,900 kilograms (11,500 to 15,200 pounds). African forest elephants, while smaller than their bush counterparts, are still larger than the Bornean pygmy, with males averaging 2.09 to 2.31 meters (6.9 to 7.6 feet) tall and weighing 1,700 to 2,300 kilograms (3,700 to 5,100 pounds). Mainland Asian elephants, such as the Indian elephant, also surpass the Bornean pygmy in size. Male Indian elephants typically stand around 2.75 meters (9 feet) tall and weigh about 4,000 kilograms (8,800 pounds). In contrast, Bornean pygmy elephants are notably smaller, at least half a meter shorter than other Asian elephants and approximately 30% smaller overall.
Distinctive Physical Features
Bornean pygmy elephants possess several physical characteristics that distinguish them from other elephant species. They have proportionally larger ears that appear more prominent due to their smaller, rounded heads. Their tails are long, often reaching or even dragging on the ground as they walk.
Their tusks, while present in males, tend to be straighter than other Asian elephants. Some males may also have shortened tusks or lack them entirely. They often have a plump body and a rounded belly. Their temperament is gentler and more docile compared to other elephant species.
Size and Their Forest Home
The smaller size of the Bornean pygmy elephant represents an evolutionary adaptation to its rainforest environment. Their compact build allows them to navigate easily through the dense undergrowth and challenging terrain of Borneo’s lowland rainforests and river valleys. Despite their mass, these elephants move through the thick forest with surprising quietness.
They primarily inhabit lowland areas, which offer abundant food resources on fertile soils. Their diverse diet includes grasses, bamboo, palms, fruits, roots, leaves, and tree bark. An adult elephant can consume up to 150 kilograms (330 pounds) of vegetation daily, playing a crucial role in their ecosystem.
As they forage, they disperse seeds through their dung, aiding forest regeneration and plant life diversity. Their movements also create natural clearings and pathways, benefiting other smaller animals by providing food and water access.