The bowfin (Amia calva) is a unique freshwater fish native to North America, often called a “living fossil” due to its ancient lineage, dating back over 100 million years. It is the only surviving member of its family, Amiidae, and the order Amiiformes. Its distinctive appearance includes an elongated body, a long dorsal fin running nearly its entire length, a bony gular plate under its jaw, sharp, conical teeth, and tubular nostrils.
Typical and Record Sizes
Adult bowfin commonly range from 20 to 28 inches (50 to 70 cm) in length, with a typical length around 20 inches (50 cm). Their average weight ranges from one to five pounds (0.5 to 2.25 kg). Females generally grow larger than males, potentially reaching 30 inches (75 cm) and 8.5 pounds (3.8 kg), while males usually grow to 18-24 inches (45.7-61 cm).
Exceptionally large bowfin have been recorded, showcasing their potential for significant growth. The longest bowfin ever caught measured 34.3 inches (87 cm). The heaviest weighed 21 pounds, 8 ounces (9.8 kg), caught in South Carolina in 1980. Other notable records include a 19-pound (8.6 kg) bowfin from Florida and a 13-pound, 1-ounce (31.6-inch) bowfin caught in Wisconsin in 1980.
Influences on Bowfin Growth
Several factors influence bowfin growth. Bowfin grow throughout their lives, with older fish tending to be larger. While their average wild lifespan is 10 to 12 years, they can live up to 33 years in natural environments and 30 years in captivity, allowing for continuous growth.
Food availability significantly impacts growth rates; a plentiful supply of prey supports faster development and a larger ultimate size. Bowfin are predatory, consuming smaller fish, amphibians, crustaceans, and insects. Young bowfin initially feed on small crustaceans, transitioning to other fish as they mature. Habitat quality also plays a role, as bowfin thrive in areas with abundant vegetation and tolerate various water conditions, including low oxygen levels, aided by their ability to breathe air. Genetic predispositions also influence an individual’s growth potential.
Size and Angling Considerations
Bowfin size is notable for anglers, as these fish are recognized for their spirited fight. Even average-sized bowfin offer powerful resistance once hooked, making them a challenging catch. Anglers describe their fight as tenacious, with the fish struggling intensely even after being brought to the boat or land. Their robust fighting ability is often compared favorably to smallmouth bass or pike.
Larger bowfin provide an even more formidable angling experience, testing tackle and skill. Their aggressive strikes and strong runs contribute to an exciting fishing encounter. Despite sometimes being overlooked, appreciation for bowfin among sport fishermen is growing due to their resilience and the vigorous battle they provide. Many anglers practice catch-and-release, returning these native fish to the water unharmed.