Hibiscus sabdariffa, also known as roselle, is a plant with vibrant, trumpet-shaped flowers. Its calyces, the protective layer around the petals, are harvested to produce a concentrated extract. This form of the plant’s compounds has been used in traditional practices for many years and is now common in modern wellness routines.
Key Bioactive Compounds
The distinct crimson color of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract is due to compounds called anthocyanins. These are pigments that also function as antioxidants, protecting cells from oxidative stress. Specific anthocyanins identified in hibiscus, such as delphinidin-3-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside, are central to its chemical profile.
The extract is also rich in polyphenols, a broad category of plant compounds that includes flavonoids like quercetin and gossypetin. Phenolic acids, such as chlorogenic acid, are another component contributing to the extract’s antioxidant capacity. The presence of these varied polyphenols creates a complex mixture where their combined action may be more significant than any single one.
Additionally, the extract contains various organic acids that influence its flavor and potential effects. Citric acid contributes to its tart taste, while a unique compound known as hibiscus acid is a distinguishing feature of this plant species. These acids work alongside the phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, forming the foundation of the extract’s biochemical properties.
Potential Health Applications
Hibiscus sabdariffa extract can impact cardiovascular health by helping manage blood pressure. Human studies have observed that regular consumption can reduce both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in individuals with stage 1 hypertension. This effect is thought to be caused by the relaxation of blood vessels, though results across studies can be varied.
The extract may also help manage blood lipid levels, such as LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Human trials indicate that hibiscus extract can help lower total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. The polyphenolic compounds in the extract are believed to achieve this by interfering with fat absorption and metabolism.
Evidence points toward benefits for liver health, as the extract may protect the liver from certain types of damage. Animal studies demonstrated a protective effect against acetaminophen-induced liver damage. A study with human participants who had fatty liver found that consuming the extract for 12 weeks led to improvements.
Hibiscus sabdariffa may influence metabolic health and play a role in weight management by inhibiting the creation of fat cells (adipogenesis). Animal studies have linked the extract to reduced body weight and fat accumulation. Investigations have also explored its effects on blood sugar, with one study showing a reduction in fasting blood glucose in women with prediabetes.
Available Forms and General Use
Capsules are a common form, providing a pre-measured, concentrated dose of the extract. This form eliminates the characteristic tart flavor of hibiscus, which some may find too strong. The concentration of active compounds in capsules is higher than what would be found in a standard brewed tea.
Powdered extracts offer more versatility. The powder can be mixed into water, juices, or smoothies, giving the user control over the serving size. This form maintains the natural flavor of the hibiscus calyces, but concentration can vary between manufacturers.
Liquid tinctures are another option where the plant’s compounds are extracted into a liquid base, usually alcohol or glycerin. Tinctures are highly concentrated and are administered in small amounts using a dropper. This form allows for rapid absorption into the bloodstream.
Safety Profile and Considerations
Hibiscus sabdariffa extract is safe for most people, but some may experience mild side effects like temporary stomach upset, gas, or fullness. These effects may subside as the body adjusts. Adverse effects are more likely with the long-term use of very high doses.
Certain individuals should exercise caution with hibiscus extract. People with hypotension (low blood pressure) should be careful, as the extract could lower their blood pressure further. Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals should avoid its use due to insufficient research. The extract’s effects on blood sugar also warrant caution for those with diabetes.
The extract can interact with certain medications. Due to its effect on blood pressure, it may interact with antihypertensive drugs and diuretics. There is also a possible interaction with diabetes medications like metformin. To ensure safety, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider before using Hibiscus sabdariffa extract.