Heated tobacco products (HTPs) and vaping devices, also known as e-cigarettes, represent two distinct categories of nicotine delivery systems that have emerged as alternatives to traditional combustible cigarettes. Both aim to provide nicotine without the combustion of tobacco, a process responsible for the vast majority of harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke. This article compares these products, detailing their differences, chemical exposure, health implications, and practical use.
Core Mechanical and Substance Differences
Heated tobacco products operate by heating processed tobacco leaf to a high temperature, typically between 250°C and 350°C, without igniting it. This heating process releases a nicotine-containing aerosol from the tobacco stick. The device often uses a blade or pin to warm the tobacco.
In contrast, vaping devices function by heating a liquid, known as e-liquid, until it turns into an aerosol for inhalation. This e-liquid is typically composed of propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, nicotine, and various flavorings. The device employs a coil which heats up when activated and vaporizes the liquid.
Comparing the Aerosol and Chemical Exposure
The aerosol produced by heated tobacco products contains nicotine and other compounds released from the tobacco when heated, but at significantly lower levels compared to cigarette smoke. Concentrations of many harmful constituents (HPHCs) are reduced by approximately 90% to 95% compared to conventional cigarette smoke. Despite these reductions, the aerosol is not entirely free of risk and still contains tobacco-specific nitrosamines and other chemicals.
The aerosol from vaping devices primarily consists of vaporized propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, nicotine, and flavorings. While it lacks the combustion byproducts found in cigarette smoke, the heating process can lead to the formation of other potentially harmful substances, such as carbonyl compounds like formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, especially at higher temperatures. Some flavorings, when heated and inhaled, can also produce compounds with unknown long-term respiratory effects.
Health Implications and Risk Profile
Both heated tobacco products and vaping are considered less harmful for adult smokers than continuing to smoke combustible cigarettes, as they eliminate the combustion of tobacco. The primary health benefit stems from the absence of tar and many toxic gases produced by burning tobacco. However, neither product is risk-free, and their long-term health effects are still being studied due to their relatively recent market introduction.
Heated tobacco products still expose users to nicotine, which is addictive, and other compounds derived from tobacco. While the levels of harmful chemicals are reduced, continuous exposure to these substances could still pose health concerns, particularly for the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Vaping also delivers addictive nicotine, and concerns exist regarding potential lung irritation from inhaled flavorings and carrier liquids. Instances of severe lung injury, such as EVALI, have been linked to specific additives like Vitamin E acetate in THC-containing vape products, highlighting risks associated with certain unregulated components.
User Experience and Practical Considerations
Heated tobacco products are designed to offer a sensation and flavor profile that closely mimics traditional tobacco smoking. Users experience a draw resistance and a taste that is distinctly tobacco-like, appealing to those who prefer the familiar smoking experience. The odor produced is often described as a distinct “heated tobacco” smell, which is less pervasive than cigarette smoke but still noticeable.
Vaping devices, conversely, offer a wide array of non-tobacco flavors, ranging from fruits and desserts to menthol. The vapor produced tends to be scented and dissipates more quickly than the aerosol from HTPs, leaving less lingering odor in the environment. From a maintenance perspective, HTPs involve inserting single-use tobacco sticks and require regular cleaning of the heating element. Vaping devices, on the other hand, require users to refill e-liquids and periodically replace components such as coils or pods.