Fulgoridae are a diverse family of insects known as lanternflies or planthoppers, belonging to the order Hemiptera. Over 125 genera have been identified globally, and they are particularly abundant and varied in tropical regions. Despite their common name, these insects do not produce light. They are recognized for their vibrant colors and distinctive physical features.
Unique Characteristics
Fulgoridae are distinguished by their elaborate head structures, extending into hollow, snout-like processes. These head extensions vary greatly in shape, appearing inflated, elongated, or upturned, and can be nearly as large as the insect’s body. For instance, some species within the genus Fulgora possess eye-like markings on their heads, while others, like Cathedra serrata, display spines.
These insects vary widely in size, with most being larger than 7 mm, and some tropical species reaching up to 95 mm in length. Their bodies are often elongated, and their wings display brilliant, varied coloration with intricate patterns. The hind wings are typically more colorful than the forewings. Some species use camouflage to blend with tree bark, while others display bright colors as a warning to predators.
Habitats and Feeding Habits
Fulgoridae are found worldwide but are particularly diverse and numerous in tropical and subtropical regions. They inhabit a variety of environments, including tropical forests, grasslands, and agricultural areas. Many species are active during the day, while others are nocturnal. They generally fly low and are challenging to capture.
These insects are herbivorous, feeding on plant sap using specialized piercing-sucking mouthparts. They insert these mouthparts into plant tissues to extract sap. Fulgoridae feed on a wide array of host plants, including trees, shrubs, and various crops. Some species are selective, preferring specific tree species, while others are polyphagous, feeding on several different plant species. For example, the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) has a host range of over 173 plant species, including grapevines, fruit trees, and ornamental trees.
Life Cycle and Environmental Impact
Fulgoridae undergo incomplete metamorphosis, with three main stages: egg, nymph, and adult. Eggs are typically laid on host plants. Nymphs emerge from eggs and go through multiple developmental stages, known as instars, gradually increasing in size and resembling smaller versions of adults without fully developed wings.
For instance, early nymphal stages of the spotted lanternfly are black and white with spots, later developing red pigmentation before reaching adulthood. After several molts, nymphs develop into winged adults capable of dispersal. The complete development from egg to adult can take several weeks, with multiple generations occurring per year in some species.
The feeding habits of Fulgoridae can have environmental and agricultural impacts. Feeding on plant sap can stress host plants, leading to wilting and reduced yields. Piercing wounds created by their mouthparts can also harm plant health. A common consequence of their sap-feeding is the excretion of a sugary waste product called honeydew.
This honeydew promotes the growth of sooty mold, a black fungus that covers plant surfaces and reduces photosynthesis. Certain species, such as the spotted lanternfly, are invasive agricultural pests, inflicting extensive damage on crops and ornamental plants. Beyond direct feeding damage, some Fulgoridae can also transmit plant diseases, acting as vectors for pathogens between plants.