Buffalo fish are native North American freshwater fish often overlooked by anglers in Minnesota. Despite sometimes being grouped with invasive species, they are an important part of the state’s aquatic biodiversity. Recent research highlights their remarkable longevity.
Understanding Buffalo Fish
Buffalo fish are characterized by a deep body and large scales. They belong to the sucker family (Catostomidae). Unlike many other suckers, the Bigmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) has a forward-facing mouth, reflecting its feeding habits as a filter-feeder in the water column. This species can grow large, often exceeding 3 feet and weighing over 50 pounds, with the Minnesota state record over 41 pounds.
Minnesota is home to three species: the Bigmouth Buffalo, Smallmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus), and Black Buffalo (Ictiobus niger). While the Bigmouth Buffalo has a forward-facing mouth, the Smallmouth Buffalo’s mouth is positioned ventrally, similar to other sucker species. Historically, their lifespan was underestimated, but studies using otoliths (ear bones) have shown that all three species can live for more than 100 years, making them among the longest-lived freshwater fish globally.
Where to Find Buffalo Fish in Minnesota
Buffalo fish are widely distributed throughout Minnesota’s waters, with the exception of the Lake Superior watershed. They thrive in large river systems such as the Mississippi River, Minnesota River, and St. Croix River. These fish also inhabit shallow lakes and backwater areas, preferring slow-moving or stagnant waters with soft, muddy, silty, or sandy bottoms.
Floodplain and oxbow lakes are particularly abundant habitats for buffalo fish. For example, populations have been noted in lakes near Pelican Rapids, including Crystal, Rush, Prairie, Pelican, Lida, Lizzie, and Fish lakes. Backwater habitats along the Minnesota River, which vary in size and depth, provide suitable foraging and potentially spawning grounds for species like the Bigmouth Buffalo.
Angling for Buffalo Fish
Angling for buffalo fish can be productive, given their size and fighting ability. Bottom fishing with a simple rig is a common and effective technique. Anglers use heavy tackle for large fish, with rods around 6 feet and a medium “weight” suitable.
For bait, common items like canned corn or dough balls are effective. Hooks in sizes 4 to 10 are appropriate, with larger sizes for bigger fish. The best times to target buffalo fish are during spring and early summer when they are more active. Minnesota fishing regulations classify buffalo fish as “rough fish,” meaning they have liberal or no possession limits and a continuous open season. Always check current DNR regulations for updates.
When a buffalo fish takes the bait, anglers should be prepared for a strong pull. After a catch, handling large fish requires care; needle-nosed pliers can help with hook removal. While Minnesota permits only one line during the open water season, two lines may be used in specific areas like the Minnesota River downstream of the Granite Falls Dam and the Mississippi River downstream of St. Anthony Falls.
Ecological Impact and Culinary Value
Buffalo fish play an important role in Minnesota’s aquatic ecosystems. As bottom feeders and filter feeders, they help to control detritus and plankton, contributing to water clarity and the overall health of the aquatic environment. They also serve as a food source for other game fish and birds of prey, demonstrating their contribution to the food web.
Despite being historically labeled as “rough fish” and often overlooked, buffalo fish possess culinary value. They are considered tasty when properly prepared. Popular methods include smoking or frying, enhancing their flavor and texture. While their bony nature might deter some, others appreciate it.