The Elephant Bush (Portulacaria afra) is a popular succulent with small, rounded, glossy green leaves and reddish-brown stems. Often called Dwarf Jade, Miniature Jade, or Spekboom, it is not related to the true jade plant (Crassula ovata). Native to South Africa, this versatile plant thrives in arid environments. It is appreciated globally as a low-maintenance houseplant or an outdoor shrub in suitable climates. Its dense growth habit and ability to store carbon make it valuable for ornamental purposes and environmental benefits.
Elephant Bush Growth Characteristics
Elephant Bush grows at a moderate to fast rate, particularly when young and in ideal conditions. In its native South African habitat, it can reach 8 to 12 feet tall and 4 to 6 feet wide, sometimes forming a small tree. When cultivated elsewhere or as a houseplant, it usually stays much smaller, typically 3 to 6 feet tall. Its growth habit can be upright or spreading, adapting well to uses like groundcover, hanging baskets, or bonsai.
The plant has thick, succulent brown stems and small, green leaves. New growth appears on brittle, fleshy reddish stems that mature to a grayish color. While outdoor plants can grow large, indoor Elephant Bush plants typically remain a few feet tall, with their size influenced by growing conditions and root space.
Factors Influencing Growth Rate
Several environmental and care factors influence the growth rate of an Elephant Bush. Bright, direct light is preferred for vigorous growth, though it can adapt to indirect light. Insufficient light can lead to leggy, weak stems and slower growth. Indoor plants benefit from a south-facing window, while outdoor plants may need afternoon shade in hot climates to prevent leaf scorching.
Watering is important; Elephant Bush is drought-tolerant but grows faster with consistent moisture during its growing season. The “soak and dry” method is recommended, allowing the soil to dry completely between waterings to prevent root rot. Overwatering can hinder growth, causing root rot and leaf drop.
Well-draining soil is important, ideally a sandy, rocky mix or a specialized cactus/succulent potting mix. Components like perlite or pumice ensure proper drainage, preventing waterlogging detrimental to root health.
Elephant Bush prefers warmer temperatures, ideally 65°F to 85°F. It is not frost-tolerant, requiring protection below 30°F. While it tolerates dry air, moderate humidity is suitable, and sudden temperature fluctuations should be avoided.
Fertilization supports growth, especially during spring and summer. A balanced, diluted liquid fertilizer for succulents or cacti can be applied every two to four weeks. Elephant Bush does not require heavy feeding; over-fertilization can lead to salt buildup and discourage flowering. Fertilizing should be reduced or stopped during the dormant winter months.
Managing Elephant Bush Growth
Pruning is an effective method to encourage bushier growth, maintain size, or shape the plant, especially for bonsai. Regular pruning, particularly in spring, stimulates new growth and prevents the plant from becoming leggy or unruly. Make clean cuts just above a leaf node; new growth will emerge from these points.
Container size influences growth; a larger pot generally allows for more extensive root development and larger plant growth. Repotting every two to three years into a slightly larger pot with fresh, well-draining soil supports vigorous growth. Choosing an unglazed pot, like terracotta, aids moisture evaporation and prevents root rot.
To promote healthy growth, ensure the plant receives ample bright, indirect sunlight, consistent watering (allowing soil to dry between waterings), and a well-draining soil mix. Feeding with a diluted succulent fertilizer during the growing season provides necessary nutrients. To slow growth, use less frequent watering and fertilization, or slightly less than ideal light conditions.