Dyslipidemia is a medical condition marked by an unhealthy balance of lipids (fats) in the blood. These lipids, such as cholesterol and triglycerides, are transported through the body by lipoproteins for energy, steroid production, or the formation of bile acid. When the levels of these fats in the bloodstream are too high or too low, it creates the imbalance referred to as dyslipidemia. This condition is a widespread public health issue that contributes to health complications.
Key Blood Lipids Explained
Dyslipidemia encompasses several conditions related to abnormal lipid levels, with three main components. One of these is low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, often called “bad” cholesterol, which transports cholesterol to cells. When LDL levels are elevated, cholesterol can accumulate in the walls of arteries, forming hard deposits known as plaques. This buildup is a principal feature of the condition.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is commonly referred to as “good” cholesterol. Its main role is to absorb excess cholesterol and carry it back to the liver for removal from the body. Lower-than-normal levels of HDL cholesterol are a concern because this can impair the body’s ability to clear LDL cholesterol from the arteries. This deficiency is associated with an increased risk for circulatory problems.
Triglycerides are another type of lipid in your blood that the body uses for energy. They are derived from calories that are consumed but not immediately used and are stored in fat cells. An elevated level of triglycerides, often resulting from consuming more calories than are burned, can contribute to the hardening of arteries. High levels of LDL and triglycerides, coupled with low HDL, are common forms of dyslipidemia.
Common Causes
The origins of dyslipidemia are categorized as either primary or secondary. Primary dyslipidemia is caused by inherited genetic mutations that affect how the body metabolizes lipids, leading to abnormal levels from an early age. Familial combined hyperlipidemia, for instance, is a common inherited cause of both high LDL cholesterol and high triglycerides.
Secondary dyslipidemia is acquired and develops as a result of lifestyle factors or other underlying medical conditions. A sedentary lifestyle combined with a diet high in saturated and trans fats is a significant contributor. Other common causes include conditions like obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypothyroidism, which interfere with the body’s ability to manage lipid levels. Excessive alcohol consumption and smoking are also well-established factors.
Identification and Health Implications
Dyslipidemia is frequently asymptomatic, meaning most people are unaware they have it until detected during a routine blood test. The standard diagnostic tool is a blood test known as a lipid panel or lipid profile. This test measures the levels of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides. Regular screening is recommended for individuals with a family history of the condition or other risk factors.
Untreated, dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for developing atherosclerosis. This condition narrows the arteries, making it difficult for blood to flow freely, and can lead to serious cardiovascular events over time. These include coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and strokes. The management of lipid levels is a common focus in preventing these outcomes.