Menstruation, commonly known as a period, involves the cyclical shedding of the uterine lining, discharging blood and mucosal tissue through the vagina. During this time, many individuals experience a range of physical symptoms. Low blood pressure, or hypotension, is generally defined as a reading below 90/60 mmHg. Symptoms associated with low blood pressure can include lightheadedness, dizziness, blurred vision, and a general feeling of weakness. While these symptoms are often temporary, some people do report experiencing signs of low blood pressure during their menstrual cycle.
The Body’s Response to Menstruation
The menstrual cycle is regulated by fluctuating hormone levels, primarily estrogen and progesterone. These hormonal shifts can influence various bodily functions, including the cardiovascular system. For example, some research suggests that changes in estrogen and progesterone levels can lead to the widening of blood vessels, which may contribute to lower blood pressure.
Prostaglandins, hormone-like compounds, are produced in the uterus. They play a key role in causing uterine contractions, which help to shed the uterine lining during menstruation. High levels of these compounds can also cause vasodilation, or the widening of blood vessels, which can temporarily reduce blood pressure throughout the body.
Factors Contributing to Low Blood Pressure During Your Period
One direct factor contributing to low blood pressure during menstruation is blood loss. The shedding of the uterine lining results in a loss of blood, typically ranging from 35 to 40 milliliters over four to eight days. However, heavy menstrual bleeding, often defined as losing more than 80 milliliters of blood per cycle or bleeding for longer than seven days, can significantly reduce blood volume. This substantial blood loss can lead to temporary hypotension or exacerbate existing iron deficiency anemia, causing fatigue and weakness.
Dehydration also plays a role in lowering blood pressure. The body can lose fluids through menstrual bleeding itself, increased perspiration, or reduced fluid intake due to discomfort. When the body is dehydrated, blood volume decreases, which directly leads to a drop in blood pressure.
Severe menstrual pain, known as dysmenorrhea, can trigger a vasovagal response in some individuals. This can result in symptoms like dizziness, lightheadedness, or even fainting. Prostaglandins, released during painful periods, can cause blood vessels to widen, contributing to this vasovagal episode.
Existing medical conditions can also make individuals more susceptible to low blood pressure during their period. For instance, Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS), a condition affecting the autonomic nervous system, can see its symptoms worsen during menstruation. Hormonal fluctuations can exacerbate POTS symptoms, leading to more pronounced low blood pressure.
Managing Symptoms and When to Seek Help
Individuals experiencing low blood pressure symptoms during their period can adopt several self-care strategies. Increasing fluid intake, focusing on water and electrolyte-rich fluids, is recommended. Maintaining a balanced diet and ensuring adequate rest can also support overall well-being. Slowly changing positions can help prevent sudden drops in blood pressure and associated dizziness.
Managing menstrual pain effectively can also reduce the likelihood of pain-induced vasovagal responses. Moderate salt intake can be beneficial in maintaining blood pressure levels. Regular physical activity can improve circulation and reduce the risk of fainting.
It is important to consult a healthcare provider if low blood pressure symptoms are frequent, severe, or significantly impact daily life. Medical attention is warranted for frequent or severe episodes of dizziness or fainting. Symptoms such as low blood pressure accompanied by chest pain, shortness of breath, or confusion also require immediate evaluation. Concerns about very heavy menstrual bleeding, which could lead to anemia, should also be discussed with a doctor. Finally, persistent low blood pressure readings that occur outside of the menstrual period indicate a need for medical assessment.