Oral semaglutide is a medication taken by mouth that has gained attention for its role in managing type 2 diabetes. Initially approved in 2019 by the FDA for this purpose, it functions by mimicking a natural hormone in the body. Beyond its established use in blood sugar control, oral semaglutide is also being recognized for its potential in weight management. This oral formulation offers a convenient alternative to injectable medications.
How Oral Semaglutide Aids Weight Loss
Oral semaglutide contributes to weight loss by acting as a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist. This means it imitates the effects of the natural GLP-1 hormone, which is released in response to food intake. By activating GLP-1 receptors, the medication helps regulate appetite and promotes feelings of fullness.
It slows down gastric emptying, meaning food stays in the stomach for a longer period, which helps to increase feelings of satiety and reduce overall food intake. Additionally, it helps to suppress glucagon secretion, a hormone that raises blood sugar, and stimulates insulin release in a glucose-dependent manner, further contributing to metabolic regulation. These combined effects help individuals consume fewer calories, leading to weight loss over time.
What Clinical Studies Show
These trials, including parts of the PIONEER program, have shown significant reductions in body weight for individuals with overweight or obesity. For instance, some studies indicate an average weight loss ranging from 10% to 15% of initial body weight over several months of treatment.
In one specific clinical trial, participants receiving oral semaglutide experienced an average body weight reduction of 14.9%. Another real-world study involving individuals without diabetes showed an average body weight decrease of 5.7% (5.9 kg) over one year with a 14 mg dose of oral semaglutide. This study also noted a reduction in body mass index (BMI) by an average of 2 kg/m² and a decrease in waist circumference by 5.5 cm. While the degree of weight loss can vary, these findings highlight oral semaglutide’s potential as a tool in obesity treatment, particularly for those seeking a non-injectable option.
Important Considerations for Treatment
The medication is typically taken once daily on an empty stomach with a small amount of water, at least 30 minutes before food, drink, or other medications. Dosage is usually started low and gradually increased over time, a process known as titration, to help the body adjust and minimize potential side effects.
Common side effects associated with oral semaglutide often include gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. These effects are generally mild and may lessen as the body adapts to the medication. It is important to discuss any persistent or bothersome side effects with a healthcare professional. Oral semaglutide is a prescription medication and should be used as part of a comprehensive weight management plan that also includes dietary changes and increased physical activity.