Naltrexone is a medication prescribed as part of a comprehensive treatment plan. Many wonder if it produces a “feel good” sensation. This article explains how naltrexone works, whether it causes euphoria, and its medical applications.
How Naltrexone Affects the Brain
Naltrexone functions primarily as an opioid receptor antagonist. This means it binds to and blocks opioid receptors in the brain, particularly the mu-opioid receptors, without activating them. This blocking action prevents other opioids, such as heroin, fentanyl, or prescription painkillers, from attaching to these receptors. Consequently, the effects that these substances would normally produce are significantly reduced or prevented.
The medication also interacts with kappa and delta-opioid receptors to a lesser extent. By occupying these receptor sites, naltrexone effectively limits the ability of external opioids or even the body’s own endorphins to bind and exert their effects.
Does Naltrexone Cause Euphoria?
Naltrexone does not produce euphoria, a “high,” or any “feel good” sensation. Its mechanism of action, as an opioid receptor antagonist, is specifically designed to block the pleasurable effects that substances like opioids and alcohol can cause. Unlike opioids, which activate receptors to induce feelings of euphoria, naltrexone occupies these receptors without activating them, thereby preventing such sensations.
The medication is non-addictive and carries no potential for abuse. If a person attempts to use opioids or consume alcohol while on naltrexone, the medication’s blocking action prevents the expected euphoric response. This design aims to reduce the reinforcing effects of these substances and diminish cravings rather than create any pleasurable feelings itself.
Experiencing Naltrexone and Side Effects
When taking naltrexone, many individuals report no particular sensation, as the medication primarily works by blocking effects. However, some people may experience common side effects. These can include nausea, headache, dizziness, and fatigue. Other reported effects involve sleep problems, such as insomnia or drowsiness, and joint or muscle pain. Anxiety and nervousness are also possible. These side effects are generally mild and often temporary.
A distinct and uncomfortable experience, known as precipitated withdrawal, can occur if naltrexone is taken while opioids are still present. This happens because naltrexone has a strong affinity for opioid receptors and can rapidly displace any opioids already bound to them. The sudden and intense onset of withdrawal symptoms, such as severe stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, and chills, is an acute and potentially dangerous reaction. To avoid precipitated withdrawal, individuals must be opioid-free for a recommended period, typically 7 to 10 days, before starting naltrexone.
Medical Uses of Naltrexone
Naltrexone is an FDA-approved medication for two primary conditions: Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). For OUD, naltrexone helps prevent relapse by blocking the euphoric and sedative effects of opioids, reducing the desire to use them. It is often part of a broader treatment strategy including counseling and behavioral therapy.
For AUD, naltrexone works to reduce cravings for alcohol and prevents the pleasurable feelings associated with drinking. This helps individuals lessen alcohol consumption and avoid relapses. Naltrexone is available in oral tablet form and as an extended-release injectable, offering different administration options.