Herpes Gladiatorum, commonly known as “mat herpes,” is a skin infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1, and less commonly HSV-2). Like other herpes viruses, it establishes a lifelong presence in the body; while visible symptoms disappear, the virus itself remains.
What is Herpes Gladiatorum?
This skin infection is primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), the virus responsible for cold sores. It earned the name “mat herpes” due to its frequent occurrence in contact sports like wrestling, where skin-to-skin contact is common. While HSV-1 is the main cause, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) can also cause this condition. The infection commonly appears on the face, neck, and upper body, though lesions can develop anywhere.
Symptoms typically manifest about 8 days after exposure to the virus, though this can range from 2 to 12 days. Initial signs can include a fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a tingling sensation in the affected area. Fluid-filled blisters then emerge, often in clusters, which may or may not be painful. These blisters eventually break open, crust over, and usually heal within 7 to 10 days. Herpes Gladiatorum is highly contagious, especially when lesions are present, and it spreads through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person or contaminated items like sporting gear or towels.
Why the Virus Persists
Once the herpes simplex virus enters the body, it establishes a lifelong infection by retreating into nerve cells, a process known as viral latency. After the initial infection, the virus travels to nearby nerve cells where it becomes dormant. During this latent phase, the viral genetic material remains within the neurons.
The dormant virus can reactivate, leading to recurrent outbreaks, which can be triggered by various factors. Common triggers include:
Physical or emotional stress
Fever or illness
Weakened immune system
Hormonal changes, such as during menstruation
Friction to the skin, sun exposure, or trauma to the affected area
While treatments can manage symptoms and reduce the frequency of outbreaks, there is currently no cure that eradicates the herpes simplex virus from the body.
Living With and Managing Outbreaks
Antiviral medications are commonly prescribed to reduce the severity and duration of outbreaks. These medications are most effective when taken at the first sign of symptoms, such as tingling or itching. For individuals experiencing frequent recurrences, a healthcare provider may recommend daily suppressive therapy with antiviral drugs to lower the number of outbreaks.
During an active outbreak, self-care measures can help alleviate discomfort and prevent further spread:
Keep lesions clean and dry.
Avoid touching or picking at lesions.
Apply a cool compress to reduce swelling and pain.
Use over-the-counter pain relievers.
Preventing transmission, especially in contact sports, involves strict hygiene practices. Individuals with active lesions should avoid skin-to-skin contact with others. Covering lesions with appropriate dressings can help contain the virus, but participation in contact sports should be avoided until blisters are fully scabbed over and there are no new lesions or swollen lymph nodes. Good personal hygiene is crucial, including showering immediately after practice, washing hands frequently, and not sharing personal items like towels, razors, athletic gear. Recognizing prodromal symptoms, like tingling, allows for early intervention and helps prevent further spread.
Seeking Professional Guidance
A healthcare professional can accurately diagnose Herpes Gladiatorum. Diagnosis typically involves visually examining the lesions or taking a swab from the sores for laboratory analysis to confirm the presence of the herpes simplex virus. Blood tests can also be used to detect antibodies to HSV-1, indicating a past infection.
Seek medical attention for severe initial outbreaks, frequent and painful recurrent episodes, or if lesions appear in unusual locations, especially near or in the eyes. Immediate medical evaluation is necessary for eye involvement, as these infections can be serious. Individuals with a compromised immune system should also seek prompt medical advice if they suspect an outbreak. A healthcare provider can prescribe appropriate antiviral treatments and offer guidance on managing the condition.