Illinois is home to a variety of snake species that inhabit its diverse ecosystems. These reptiles play an important role in the state’s natural environment. Understanding the types of snakes present and how to interact with them safely is beneficial for both residents and the snakes themselves.
Diverse Snake Species in Illinois
Illinois’ varied landscapes, from forests and prairies to wetlands, provide habitats for approximately 40 different snake species. Many are non-venomous and contribute to ecological balance by controlling pest populations. Common garter snakes, found statewide, thrive in diverse areas including woodlands, meadows, and urban environments, often near water. They consume prey like earthworms, slugs, and small amphibians.
The common water snake inhabits streams, ponds, lakes, and marshes across Illinois. These snakes are often seen basking near water and primarily feed on fish and amphibians. Rat snakes, like the gray rat snake, are common in the southern two-thirds of the state. They climb trees, preying on birds and small mammals, and help manage rodent populations.
Identifying Venomous Snakes
Illinois is home to four venomous snake species: the eastern copperhead, the northern cottonmouth (water moccasin), the timber rattlesnake, and the eastern massasauga. Identifying them involves observing specific physical characteristics. These pit vipers often have triangular heads, cat-like pupils, and heat-sensing pits between their eyes and nostrils.
The eastern copperhead has a stout, rusty-brown body with hourglass patterns and is found in rocky hillsides and wooded areas. The northern cottonmouth is a large, olive-black snake with dark banding, found primarily in southernmost Illinois near water. When threatened, it may display the white interior of its mouth. The timber rattlesnake, a large, gray-yellow snake with jagged cross marks and a distinct rattle, inhabits forested areas with rock outcrops, mainly in southern and western Illinois. The eastern massasauga, a smaller rattlesnake, has spotted patterns and a rattle. It is endangered in Illinois, found in scattered wetland and floodplain locations.
Safe Practices Around Snakes
Encountering a snake in Illinois requires a cautious approach for safety. Give the snake ample space and observe it from a distance. Attempting to handle, provoke, or kill a snake can lead to a defensive bite. If a snake is in a yard, allow it to move away on its own.
To make residential areas less appealing to snakes, take preventative measures. Remove potential hiding spots like piles of rocks, wood, or debris. Keeping grass mowed short and trimming dense vegetation around the home also reduces cover. If a snake enters a home or garage and cannot exit, contact local animal control or a professional wildlife removal service.