Bamboo thrives across the Hawaiian Islands, home to both an indigenous species and numerous introduced varieties. Its presence reflects centuries of human interaction, from ancient Polynesian voyagers to modern cultivation. These diverse populations contribute to the islands’ unique landscapes, appearing in both wild and cultivated settings.
Hawaii’s Indigenous Bamboo
Hawaii’s indigenous bamboo, known locally as ‘ohe, is scientifically classified as Schizostachyum glaucifolium. While often considered an aboriginal introduction carried by early Polynesian settlers, it has naturalized extensively across the islands. This clump-forming bamboo is characterized by relatively thin culms and long internodes, distinguishing it from thicker introduced species. It can reach heights of up to 49 feet with a culm diameter of about 3.1 inches.
Ancient Hawaiians valued ‘ohe for its utility. Its slender, hollow stems were ideal for crafting cultural artifacts and tools. These included musical instruments like the ‘ohe hano ihu (nose flute) and kāʻekeʻeke (bamboo percussion pipes). ‘Ohe was also used for fishing poles, design stamps for decorating kapa (bark cloth), and components for racing sleds and house frames. Today, this Polynesian ‘ohe is less common than introduced types but can still be found in certain wet gulches and protected areas.
Introduced Bamboo Species and Their Presence
Numerous non-native bamboo species have been brought to Hawaii over time, primarily for ornamental landscaping, erosion control, or as construction material. One of the most widespread introduced species is Bambusa vulgaris, often called common bamboo, which arrived in the early 19th century. This clumping bamboo, native to tropical Asia, can grow up to 50-60 feet tall with culms 2-4 inches thick. Its rapid growth and adaptability led to its widespread cultivation and naturalization throughout the islands.
Other introduced varieties include species of Dendrocalamus, Guadua, and various ornamental types. Some introduced bamboos, particularly those with running rhizomes, can spread aggressively. For example, Golden Bamboo (Phyllostachys aurea), while popular as an ornamental, has escaped cultivation in some areas and can outcompete native vegetation. The fast growth rates and dense stands formed by some introduced bamboos can alter local ecosystems by shading out other plants and inhibiting the growth of native flora.
Despite their invasive potential, many introduced bamboos are still cultivated in Hawaii for their aesthetic appeal and practical uses. They are valued for their ability to stabilize soil, especially on volcanic terrain, and their quick growth makes them a renewable resource for various products. However, regulations are in place to manage the importation of bamboo to protect Hawaii’s ecosystems from further unintended consequences of invasive species.
Where Bamboo Can Be Found
Bamboo thrives in Hawaii’s moist, fertile environments, particularly in areas with consistent rainfall and well-drained soil. It is commonly observed in rainforests, along stream banks, and on hillsides up to 2,953 feet above sea level. These conditions allow bamboo to form dense groves, creating distinctive forest ecosystems.
Visitors and residents can encounter bamboo in various locations across the islands. Botanical gardens often feature diverse bamboo collections. Significant bamboo forests are found on Maui, such as along the Pipiwai Trail within Haleakalā National Park. On Oahu, bamboo can be seen in areas like Nuuanu Valley, including parts of the Judd Trail and along the Tantalus Drive. Private properties and agricultural lands also frequently cultivate bamboo for both aesthetic and practical reasons.