Tinnitus, often described as a ringing in the ears, is the perception of sound when no external noise is present. This sensation can also manifest as buzzing, hissing, roaring, clicking, or humming sounds. These phantom noises can occur in one or both ears, varying in loudness and pitch, and may be constant or intermittent. Given the widespread impact of COVID-19, many individuals are questioning whether this viral infection can lead to tinnitus and other hearing issues. This article explores the current understanding of the relationship between COVID-19 and auditory symptoms.
The COVID-Tinnitus Link
Research indicates a connection between COVID-19 infection and the onset or worsening of tinnitus. Early in the pandemic, reports emerged detailing auditory symptoms, including tinnitus and hearing loss, in individuals who had contracted the virus. A 2021 review suggested that up to 14.8% of people with COVID-19 reported experiencing tinnitus, though this figure might be an overestimation if studies did not differentiate between new onset and exacerbated pre-existing tinnitus.
A strong association has also been observed between tinnitus and long COVID, a condition where symptoms persist long after the initial infection. While estimates vary, some studies suggest that between 20% and 40% of long COVID patients experience tinnitus, with one recent study of nearly 1,000 individuals reporting the symptom in up to 73% of cases. Even for those with pre-existing tinnitus, about 40% reported a worsening of their symptoms after a COVID-19 infection.
How COVID Might Affect Hearing
The precise biological mechanisms by which COVID-19 might induce or affect hearing are still under investigation, but several theories exist. One potential pathway involves direct viral damage to the auditory system, where the SARS-CoV-2 virus could infect cells within the inner ear, such as the cochlea or auditory nerve.
Another mechanism is the body’s immune response. COVID-19 can trigger an elevated inflammatory response. These inflammatory molecules, known as cytokines, might impact the auditory system, contributing to hearing disorders and damaging the delicate structures of the inner ear.
Vascular issues, such as blood clots or impaired blood flow, are also considered potential contributors. Reduced blood supply to the ear could compromise its function, potentially leading to tinnitus or hearing loss. Neurological effects, where the virus impacts the brain’s auditory processing centers, could also play a role. Lastly, some medications used to treat COVID-19 are known to have ototoxic side effects, causing ear damage and contributing to tinnitus.
Seeking Support for Tinnitus
Individuals experiencing new or worsened tinnitus should seek medical attention. A healthcare professional can rule out other causes and determine the best course of action. An audiologist can perform hearing tests, while an otolaryngologist can examine ear structure and health.
Management strategies for tinnitus often focus on reducing its impact on daily life. Sound therapy, using external sounds to mask or habituate to the tinnitus, can be helpful. This includes white noise generators, ambient sounds, or hearing aids. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or other counseling approaches can also provide coping mechanisms and reduce distress. Lifestyle adjustments, such as stress reduction, improving sleep, and avoiding triggers like loud noise or certain medications, can further support individuals.