COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, affects various organ systems, with its full health impacts still being researched. A key area of inquiry concerns the relationship between this viral infection and blood pressure, as studies explore how COVID-19 might influence cardiovascular health.
COVID-19’s Impact on Blood Pressure
Emerging research indicates a potential link between COVID-19 and blood pressure changes. Individuals who have had COVID-19 may experience new-onset hypertension, meaning high blood pressure develops for the first time, or a worsening of pre-existing high blood pressure. An analysis of over 45,000 individuals found that COVID-19 infection was significantly associated with the development of persistent high blood pressure. Hospitalized COVID-19 patients were more than twice as likely to develop persistent hypertension compared to those hospitalized with influenza, while non-hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 were 1.5 times more likely. New-onset persistent hypertension was observed in 20.6% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 10.85% of non-hospitalized patients at a six-month follow-up, suggesting the impact is not limited to severe cases.
Biological Factors Affecting Blood Pressure After COVID-19
The SARS-CoV-2 virus can influence blood pressure through several biological mechanisms. The body’s inflammatory response, including a “cytokine storm,” can damage blood vessels and contribute to elevated blood pressure. This widespread inflammation can lead to endothelial dysfunction, affecting the inner lining of blood vessels and their ability to regulate blood flow properly.
The virus enters cells by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, a key component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that regulates blood pressure. When SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2, it can disrupt the balance of the RAS, resulting in an increase in angiotensin II, a hormone that constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure.
Physiological stress from severe illness can temporarily elevate blood pressure. The pandemic’s associated isolation and psychosocial stress have also been linked to increased blood pressure readings. Direct vascular damage is another factor, with evidence suggesting COVID-19 can lead to increased arterial stiffness. The kidneys, crucial for blood pressure regulation, can also be affected by COVID-19, with acute kidney injury (AKI) contributing to hypertension.
Guidance for Blood Pressure Management
Individuals who have recovered from COVID-19, or those concerned about their blood pressure, can take steps to manage their cardiovascular health. Regularly monitoring blood pressure at home is an important measure, especially for those with a history of hypertension or after a COVID-19 infection. Home blood pressure monitoring provides a consistent record of readings that can be shared with a healthcare provider.
Consulting a medical professional is crucial for accurate diagnosis and personalized management plans. Seek professional medical advice rather than attempting to self-diagnose or self-treat blood pressure concerns. For those already on blood pressure medication, continue taking them as prescribed and do not adjust dosages without consulting a doctor. Medication adherence can impact health outcomes.
Adopting healthy lifestyle adjustments supports cardiovascular well-being. This includes maintaining a balanced diet, such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, which emphasizes fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while limiting sodium intake. Engaging in regular physical activity, managing stress through techniques like yoga or meditation, ensuring adequate sleep, and moderating alcohol consumption are additional measures that contribute to healthy blood pressure levels.