Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Approximately 1.5 million cases are reported annually in the United States, though the actual number is likely higher due to its often asymptomatic nature. Many individuals experience no noticeable symptoms, meaning they can unknowingly transmit the infection.
Chlamydia’s Persistence
Chlamydia does not resolve on its own without medical intervention. It is a bacterial infection requiring specific antibiotic treatment to be cured. An untreated infection can persist for weeks, months, or even years, causing internal damage and potentially leading to serious health complications. Spontaneous resolution is rare and should not deter seeking testing and treatment.
Treating Chlamydia
Chlamydia is curable with antibiotics. Treatment involves either a single dose of azithromycin or a seven-day course of doxycycline. Doxycycline is often more effective and a first-line treatment, though azithromycin is preferred during pregnancy. Individuals must complete the full course of medication, even if symptoms improve.
All sexual partners from preceding months should be tested and treated simultaneously to prevent re-infection. Abstaining from sexual activity for at least seven days after starting treatment and until all partners are treated helps ensure clearance and prevents further transmission. Antibiotic treatment has a high success rate, often clearing the infection within one to two weeks.
Health Consequences of Untreated Chlamydia
Leaving chlamydia untreated can lead to serious health complications for both men and women. In women, the primary risk is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), an infection of the reproductive organs that can cause permanent damage to the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. PID can result in chronic pelvic pain, difficulty conceiving, and a heightened risk of ectopic pregnancy, where a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus and can be life-threatening. Approximately 10% to 20% of women with untreated chlamydia may develop PID, and one in eight women with a history of PID experience difficulties getting pregnant.
For men, untreated chlamydia can lead to epididymitis, an inflammation of the coiled tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm. This condition can cause pain, swelling, and may affect fertility by impacting sperm quality and motility. Chlamydia can also cause reactive arthritis, affecting joints and eyes. Pregnant individuals with untreated chlamydia can transmit the infection to their newborns during childbirth, potentially causing eye infections (conjunctivitis) or pneumonia in the baby.
Preventing Chlamydia Infection
Preventing chlamydia involves practicing safer sex and regular screening. Consistent condom use during vaginal, anal, and oral sex significantly reduces transmission risk. However, condoms do not offer complete protection, as transmission can occur through contact with uncovered infected areas.
Regular STI testing is important, especially for sexually active individuals, those with new partners, or individuals under 25. Early detection through screening prevents serious complications. If diagnosed, notifying and treating all recent sexual partners is important to break the chain of transmission and prevent re-infection.