Coronavirus, known as SARS-CoV-2, primarily targets the respiratory system, including the throat and vocal cords. This infection can lead to voice changes, such as hoarseness or a complete loss of voice, providing insight into the illness’s broader effects.
Voice Changes as a Symptom
Hoarseness, or dysphonia, is a recognized COVID-19 symptom. While less common than fever or cough, a 2021 review indicated many individuals reported voice changes, predominantly hoarseness. A more recent 2023 systematic review of 13,948 patients found approximately 25% experienced voice impairment. Dysphonia prevalence during acute infection is around 25.1%, with complete voice loss (aphonia) occurring in a smaller percentage, such as 3.7% in one European study of mild-to-moderate cases. Voice changes were notably more common with the Omicron variant, which tends to affect the upper airways more than earlier strains.
Mechanisms Behind Voice Alterations
The primary reason for voice changes during a coronavirus infection is inflammation of the larynx, commonly known as the voice box, which houses the vocal cords. The virus itself can cause direct inflammation and swelling of these delicate structures, making them stiff and less able to vibrate properly. This inflammatory response is similar to what occurs in other upper respiratory tract infections, leading to a raspy or weakened voice.
Beyond direct viral impact, other factors contribute to voice issues. Persistent and forceful coughing, a common COVID-19 symptom, can irritate and injure the vocal cords, further exacerbating inflammation. Post-nasal drip, which often accompanies respiratory infections, can also irritate the throat and vocal cords, leading to hoarseness. In severe cases, patients requiring mechanical ventilation or intubation may experience vocal cord trauma or injury, which can result in long-term voice problems. Additionally, some treatments, like steroids, can lead to acid reflux, which irritates the throat and vocal cords, potentially causing voice changes.
Managing and Recovering Your Voice
Several strategies can help manage voice changes due to coronavirus and aid recovery. Vocal rest is often recommended, meaning limiting talking, whispering, and shouting to reduce strain on the inflamed vocal cords. Adequate hydration is also beneficial, as drinking plenty of water helps keep the vocal cords moist and reduces irritation. Avoiding irritants such as smoking and excessive caffeine or alcohol consumption can further support vocal cord healing. These measures are crucial for vocal cord recovery.
The duration of voice changes can vary. Laryngitis associated with COVID-19 typically resolves within one to two weeks. However, for some, voice impairment can linger, with a 2023 review indicating that about 70% of those with voice issues experienced long-lasting symptoms. If voice changes persist for more than two weeks, or if new symptoms like difficulty breathing, swallowing, or severe pain develop, it is advisable to seek medical attention. A healthcare provider can assess the vocal cords and recommend further steps, including specialized vocal therapy if needed.