COVID-19 is a respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which emerged in late 2019 and rapidly spread globally. This viral infection can present with a wide array of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe, affecting various bodily systems. Understanding the different manifestations of COVID-19 helps individuals recognize potential infection and seek appropriate guidance. The illness can impact individuals differently, with varied symptom profiles and durations.
Headaches as a Common COVID Symptom
Headaches are a frequently reported symptom among individuals infected with COVID-19, often appearing early in the course of the illness. While prevalence varies across studies, approximately half of people with COVID-19 may experience headaches. This symptom is observed more often in younger individuals and women, and can be one of the first symptoms to appear.
The characteristics of COVID-19 headaches can resemble other common headache types, including tension headaches and migraines. Many describe the pain as moderate to severe, often feeling like a persistent pressure or throbbing sensation. It frequently affects both sides of the head or the forehead, though some may experience pain behind the eyes, in the temples, or at the back of the neck. Migraine-like headaches can be one-sided, accompanied by sensitivity to light and sound, and nausea.
These headaches can present as a dull ache, a feeling of tightness, or a pulsating pain, similar to a migraine attack. The pain can intensify with activities such as coughing, head movements, or other physical exertion. Individuals with a history of migraines or other headaches are more likely to experience these symptoms during a COVID-19 infection.
While many COVID-related headaches resolve within a few days, typically averaging around four days, some can persist longer. It is not uncommon for these headaches to last for one to two weeks. In some cases, headaches can linger for weeks or months, especially as part of “long COVID.”
Why COVID Causes Headaches
The precise reasons why COVID-19 triggers headaches are still being investigated, but several biological mechanisms are thought to contribute. The virus can activate the trigeminal nerve, a major cranial nerve involved in transmitting pain and sensation from the face and head to the brain. This activation is a hypothesized pathway for headache development.
The body’s immune response to the virus plays a significant role, leading to widespread inflammation. Immune cells release proteins called cytokines, which are signaling molecules that can induce inflammation throughout the body, including around and within the brain. This inflammatory process and the resulting increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines are believed to contribute directly to headache pain.
The virus may also affect blood vessels, including those in the brain, leading to inflammation and changes in blood flow. Furthermore, a shortage of oxygen in the blood, known as hypoxemia, which can occur if the lungs are affected, might also contribute to headaches. Headaches could also result from blood clots that block a blood vessel, as COVID-19 can increase the tendency to develop such clots in severe cases.
Other factors, such as psychological stress, anxiety, insufficient sleep, and inadequate hydration or nutrition, can also contribute to the development or worsening of headaches during a COVID-19 infection. These elements can compound the physical effects of the viral illness, making headaches more pronounced.
Coping with COVID Headaches
Managing COVID-19 headaches often involves a combination of self-care strategies and over-the-counter remedies. Ensuring adequate rest is important, as physical and mental exertion can worsen headache symptoms. Resting in a quiet, dark environment can help alleviate discomfort, particularly for those experiencing light sensitivity.
Staying well-hydrated is also beneficial, as dehydration can contribute to headaches. Drinking plenty of fluids like water, fruit juice, broths, and electrolyte solutions helps maintain overall body function and can mitigate headache intensity.
Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can help reduce mild to moderate headache pain. It is important to follow dosage instructions carefully and consult with a healthcare provider, especially if there are other medical conditions or medications. Applying a cold compress to the forehead or temples can provide localized relief by constricting blood vessels and numbing the area.
When to Seek Help for COVID Headaches
While most COVID-19 headaches resolve with self-care, certain symptoms warrant immediate medical attention. A sudden, unusually severe headache, often described as the “worst headache of your life,” should prompt urgent evaluation. This could signal a more serious underlying condition.
Seek medical help if the headache is accompanied by a stiff neck, confusion, or difficulty speaking. New weakness or numbness on one side of the body also requires prompt assessment. These signs may indicate neurological complications.
Changes in vision, such as blurred vision, double vision, or sudden loss of vision, alongside a headache, also necessitate medical evaluation. A headache that progressively worsens or does not respond to over-the-counter pain medication should also be discussed with a healthcare provider. It is also advisable to contact a doctor if headaches persist for an extended period, such as several weeks or months, especially if they significantly impact daily life.