Adult teeth do not physically increase in size after they fully erupt, typically by the late teens or early twenties. However, many people perceive their teeth as growing larger with age. This impression stems from various natural processes and changes that affect both the appearance and underlying structure of the teeth, leading to a different look without actual growth.
Why Teeth Appear Larger
Teeth often appear longer with age primarily due to gum recession. This occurs when gum tissue pulls away from the tooth, exposing more of the root surface. Factors contributing to gum recession include aggressive brushing, gum disease, and genetic predisposition. The exposed roots make teeth look elongated, creating the illusion of increased size.
Enamel wear also influences the perceived size of teeth. The protective outer layer of enamel can gradually wear down from chewing, grinding, or exposure to acidic foods and beverages. This wear alters the tooth’s shape and can expose the underlying dentin, which is softer and yellower than enamel. These surface and contour changes contribute to the perception of an altered size.
Changes in Tooth Structure
Beyond external appearance, teeth undergo internal structural changes with age. Enamel, the outermost layer, thins over time. As enamel becomes more translucent and wears away, the yellowish dentin beneath becomes more prominent, causing teeth to appear darker or more yellow. This natural discoloration is a common age-related change.
Dentin also changes, becoming denser and less permeable. Furthermore, the pulp chamber, which contains nerves and blood vessels, tends to reduce in size as secondary dentin continuously forms throughout life. This shrinking of the pulp can decrease the tooth’s sensitivity to hot and cold stimuli.
Other Age-Related Dental Changes
Older adults face an increased susceptibility to certain oral health issues. Cavities, particularly root caries, become more prevalent due to exposed root surfaces from gum recession and an increased likelihood of dry mouth. Root surfaces lack the protective enamel of the crown, making them more vulnerable to decay. Approximately 50% of individuals aged 75 and older have experienced root caries affecting at least one tooth.
Teeth can also become more brittle and prone to chipping or cracking over time. Chewing forces and structural changes like enamel thinning can make teeth more fragile. Additionally, teeth may subtly shift or crowd, affecting bite alignment and appearance. Dry mouth, or xerostomia, is a common concern among older adults, often caused by medications or health conditions. Reduced saliva flow increases the risk of cavities, gum disease, and oral infections because saliva neutralizes acids and washes away food particles.
Caring for Aging Teeth
Maintaining consistent oral hygiene habits helps preserve dental health as one ages. Brush teeth gently at least twice a day with fluoridated toothpaste and floss daily to remove plaque and protect against decay and gum disease. Gentle brushing techniques are important to avoid further gum recession.
Regular dental check-ups are also important, allowing for professional cleanings and early detection of issues like gum disease, cavities, or tooth wear. Dentists can monitor changes in tooth structure and provide timely interventions. Limiting sugary and acidic foods and drinks helps protect tooth enamel from erosion and reduces decay risk.
Managing dry mouth involves staying hydrated, sipping water frequently, and considering sugar-free gum or lozenges to stimulate saliva. Over-the-counter saliva substitutes or specific dry mouth toothpastes can also provide relief. Discussing medication side effects with a doctor is advisable to identify potential causes of dry mouth.