Understanding Receding Gums
Gum recession occurs when the gum tissue surrounding the teeth pulls back or wears away, exposing more of the tooth’s surface or its root. This common dental problem often progresses gradually, and many individuals may not notice it until symptoms appear. Once gum tissue has receded, it cannot naturally grow back.
The exposed root surfaces lack the protective enamel found on the tooth crown, making them more vulnerable. While natural regrowth does not happen, various treatments can address the issue and prevent further damage.
Causes of Gum Recession
Several factors can contribute to gum recession. Aggressive tooth brushing, where brushing too hard or with improper technique, can wear away enamel and cause gum tissue to recede. Using a medium- or hard-bristled toothbrush often contributes to this issue.
Periodontal disease, a bacterial infection of the gums, is a significant contributor. This disease damages gum tissue and the supporting bone, causing gums to pull away. Plaque and tartar buildup from insufficient oral hygiene also lead to gum inflammation and recession.
Genetic predisposition plays a role, as some individuals have a natural susceptibility to gum disease or inherently thin gum tissue. Teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism) can exert excessive force on teeth and gums, causing them to recede. Misaligned teeth or a crooked bite can also place uneven pressure on gum tissue. Other risk factors include tobacco use, oral piercings that rub against gums, and hormonal changes.
Effects of Gum Recession
When gums recede, they expose the tooth roots, which lack the protective enamel of the tooth crown. This often leads to increased tooth sensitivity, especially to hot or cold temperatures. The root’s surface is less durable than enamel, making the exposed area more susceptible to damage.
Receding gums can also make teeth appear longer, which may be an aesthetic concern. The exposed roots are more vulnerable to tooth decay and cavities. Severe gum recession can weaken the tooth’s supporting structures, potentially leading to tooth mobility or even tooth loss. Receding gums can also create pockets between teeth and the gumline, allowing bacteria to accumulate and worsen gum disease.
Correcting Gum Recession
Various treatments can effectively correct existing gum recession and prevent further damage. Non-surgical approaches are often considered for milder cases or as initial steps. Professional deep cleaning, known as scaling and root planing, involves removing plaque and tartar from below the gumline and smoothing the root surfaces. This procedure helps reduce inflammation and can encourage the gums to reattach more firmly.
To alleviate tooth sensitivity, dentists may apply desensitizing agents, varnishes, or recommend specialized toothpastes. Dental bonding can also be used, where tooth-colored composite resin is applied to the exposed root surface to cover it, improving both aesthetics and comfort. If misaligned teeth contribute to recession, orthodontic treatment might be an option to properly align the teeth, which can allow the gum margin to improve over time.
For more significant gum recession, surgical gum grafting procedures are often recommended. These procedures involve taking tissue from another area, such as the roof of the mouth (palate), or using donor tissue, and attaching it to the receded area to cover the exposed root. Common types of gum grafts include connective tissue grafts, free gingival grafts, and pedicle grafts. These surgical methods aim to restore lost gum tissue, reduce sensitivity, and protect the tooth root from decay, thereby preserving the tooth.
Preventing Gum Recession
Preventing gum recession largely involves maintaining consistent and proper oral hygiene practices. Brush teeth twice daily with a soft-bristled toothbrush, using gentle, circular motions at a 45-degree angle to the gumline. This technique effectively removes plaque without damaging the delicate gum tissue. Daily flossing is equally important, as it removes food particles and plaque from between teeth and below the gumline, areas a toothbrush cannot reach.
Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential for early detection and prevention. Dentists can identify early signs of gum disease or recession and remove hardened plaque (tartar) that contributes to the condition. Addressing underlying issues such as bruxism (teeth grinding) is also important; wearing a custom-fitted nightguard can protect teeth and gums from the forces of grinding. Avoiding tobacco products, which irritate gum tissue and increase plaque buildup, significantly reduces the risk of recession. Removing oral piercings that can rub and irritate the gums can prevent localized recession.